SCUTAGE  or ESCUAGE, the pecuniary See also:

• COMMUTATION (from Lat. commutare, to change)

commutation, under the feudal See also:

• SYSTEM

system, of the military service due from the holder of a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight's See also:

• FEE

fee . Its name is derived from his See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield (scutum) . The See also:

• TERM

term is sometimes loosely applied to other pecuniary levies on the basis of the knight's fee . It was supposed till recently that scutage was first introduced in 1156 or on the occasion of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II.'s expedition against See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse in 1159; but it is now recognized that the institution existed already under Henry I. and See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, when it occurs as scutagium, scuagium or escuagium . Its introduction was probably hastened by the creation of fractions of knights' fees, the holders of which could only See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge their See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation in this See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . The increasing use of mercenaries in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century would also make a See also:

• MONEY

money See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of greater use to the See also:

• CROWN

crown . Levies of scutage were distinguished by the names of the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns for which they were raised, as " the scutage of Toulouse " (or " See also:

• GREAT

great scutage "), " the scutage of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland " and so forth . The amount demanded from the fee was a marc (13s . 4d.), a See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound or two marcs, but anything above a pound was deemed abnormal till See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's reign, when levies of two marcs were made in most years without even the excuse of a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . The irritation caused by these exactions reached a See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax in 1214, when three marcs were demanded, and this was prominent among the causes that led the barons to insist on the Great See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

Charter (1215) . By its provisions the crown was prohibited from levying any scutage See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save by " the See also:

• COMMON

common counsel of our See also:

• REALM

realm." In the reissue of the Charter in 1217 it was provided, instead of this, that scutages should be levied as they had been under Henry II . In practice, however, under Henry III., scutages were usually of three marcs, but the assent of the barons was deemed requisite, and they were only levied on adequate occasions .

Meanwhile, a practice had arisen, possibly as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard I.'s reign, of accepting from great barons See also:

• SPECIAL

special " fines " for permission not to serve in a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . This practice appears to have been based on the crown's right to decide whether See also:

• PERSONAL

personal service should be exacted or scutage accepted in lieu of it . A system of special See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition thus arose which largely replaced the old one of scutage . As between the tenants-inchief, however, and their under-tenants, the payment of scutage continued and was often stereotyped by the terms of charters of See also:

• SUBINFEUDATION

subinfeudation, which specified the See also:

• QUOTA

quota of scutage due rather than the proportion of a knight's fee granted . For the purpose of recouping themselves by levying from their under-tenants the See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief received from the crown writs de scutagio habendo . Under See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I. the new system was so completely See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed that the six levies of the reign, each as high as two pounds on the fee, applied only in practice to the under-tenants, their lords compounding. with the crown by the payment of large sums, though their nominal See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment, somewhat mysteriously became much See also:

• LOWER

lower (see KNIGHT SERVICE) . Scutage was rapidly becoming obsolescent as a source of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, Edward II. and Edward III. only imposing one See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy each and relying on other modes of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, more See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform and See also:

• DIRECT

direct .. Its rapid decay was also hastened by the lengths to which subinfeudation had been carried, which led to See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant dispute and litigation as to which of the holders in the descending See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure was liable for the payment . Apart from its See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial aspect it had possessed a legal importance as the test, according to See also:

• BRACTON, HENRY DE (d. 1268)

Bracton, of tenure by knight-service, its payment, on however small a See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, proving the tenure to be " military " with all the consequences involved . The best monograph on the subject (though not wholly See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error) is J . F . See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin's The Scutage and Knight Service in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (1897), a dissertation printed at the University of See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press .

Madox's See also:

• HISTORY

History of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

Exchequer was the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard authority formerly, and is still of use . The view now held was first set forth by J . H . See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round in Feudal England (1895) . In 1896 appeared the Red See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Exchequer (Rolls See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series), which, with the Testa de Nevill (See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record ommission) and the See also:

• PIPE

Pipe Rolls (published by the Record See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission and the Pipe See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

Roll Society), is the chief record authority on the subject; but many of the scutages are wrongly dated by the editor, whose conclusions have been severely criticized by J . H . Round in his Studies on the Red Book of the Exchequer (privately issued) and his See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune of See also:

• LONDON

London and other Studies (1899) . See also:

• POLLOCK

Pollock and See also:

• MAITLAND (MAITLAND OF LETHINGTON), WILLIAM
• MAITLAND, EAST
• MAITLAND, EDWARD (1824-1897)
• MAITLAND, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1850-1906)
• MAITLAND, SIR RICHARD (LORD LETHINGTON) (1496-r586)

Maitland's History of See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law (1895) should be consulted . M'Kechnie's Magna Carta (1905) is of value; and Scargill See also:

• BIRD

Bird's " Scutage and See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal's Rolls " in Genealogist (1884), vol. i., is important for the later records . (J . H .