See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH  , a See also:

• TERM

term used in See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and apparently derived in some confused way from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French word visite, which means See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search, combined with the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the word visite . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made by some writers to distinguish between visit and search only leads to misunderstanding . Search is the exact English See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of visite, and in the translation of the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration of See also:

• LONDON

London (Feb . 26, 1909) the translator has rightly rendered it as such (See also:

• ART

art . 63) . The right of search belongs to, belligerents alone . Its See also:

• OBJECT

object is to verify the See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality of the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel and if neutral to ascertain whether it carries See also:

• CONTRABAND (Fr. contrebande, from contra, against, and bannum, Low Lat. for " proclamation ")

contraband . The consequence of resistance to search is See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture and trial in a See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

Prize See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court . " Forcible resistance to the legitimate exercise of the right of stoppage, search and capture," says art . 63 of the Declaration of London, 1909, " involves in all cases the condemnation of the vessel . The See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo is liable to the same treatment as the cargo of an enemy vessel . Goods belonging to the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master or owner of the vessel are treated as enemy goods." At the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague See also:

• CONFERENCE

Conference of 1907 the question of the liability to search of See also:

• MAIL

mail-See also:

• SHIPS

ships gave rise to much discussion based on incidents arising out of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African and Russo-See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

• WARS

Wars .

It was ultimately decided that postal See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence of neutrals and even of belligerents, and whether See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official or private, found on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board a neutral or even an enemy See also:

• SHIP

ship should be " inviolable," and that though the ship should be detained, this correspondence had to be forwarded to its destination by the captor " with the least possible delay!'" - The only exception to this exemption is correspondence destined for or proceeding from a blockaded See also:

• PORT

port . As regards the mail-ships themselves, apart from this inviolability of the correspondence, no exemption or See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege is extended beyond the See also:

• INJUNCTION (from Lat. injungere, to fasten, or attach to, to lay a burden or charge on, to enjoin)

injunction that they should not be searched, except when absolutely necessary, and then only " with as much See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration and expedition as possible," which might just as well be said of all ships stopped or searched on the high seas . (T . BA.) See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

SEA-See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

SERPENT . The belief in enormous serpents, both terrestrial and marine, See also:

• DATES

dates from very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times . See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (H.N. viii . 14), following See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy (Epit. xviii.), tells us of a See also:

• LAND

land-serpent 120 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, which See also:

• REGULUS, MARCUS ATILIUS

Regulus and his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army besieged with balistae, as though it had been a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and this See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is repeated by several other writers (See also:

• FLORUS
• FLORUS, JULIUS
• FLORUS, PUBLIUS ANNIUS

Florus ii . 2; Val . Max. i . 8; See also:

• GELLIUS, AULUS (c. A.D. 13o-I8o)

Gellius vi . 3) . The most prolific in accounts of the sea-serpent, however, are the early Norse writers, to whom the " So-See also:

• ORM, or ORMIN

Orm " was a subject both for See also:

• PROSE

prose and See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse .

Olaus See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus (Hist. gent . See also:

• SEPT

Sept. xxi . 24) describes it as 200 ft. long and 20 ft. See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, and states that it not only See also:

• ATE

ate calves, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and See also:

• SWINE

swine, but also " disturbs ships, rising up like a See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

mast, and sometimes snaps some of the men from the See also:

• DECK

deck," illustrating his See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account with a vivid See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal in the very See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act . See also:

• PONTOPPIDAN, ERIK (1698—1764)
• PONTOPPIDAN, HENRIK (1857— )

Pontoppidan, in his Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History (Eng. trans., 1755, pp . 195 seq.), says that its existence was generally believed in by the sailors and fishermen of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and he recounts the means they adopted to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape it, as well as many details regarding its habits . The more circumstantial records of comparatively See also:

• MODERN

modern times may be conveniently grouped according to the causes which presumably gave rise to the phenomena described . (1) A number of porpoises See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming one behind another may, by their characteristic mode of See also:

• HALF

half emerging from and then re-entering the See also:

• WATER

water during respiration, produce the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a single animal showing a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of snake-like undulations . The figure given by Pontoppidan was very likely suggested by such an appearance, and a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of an animal seen off See also:

• LLANDUDNO

Llandudno by 1 See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention relative to certain restrictions on the exercise of the right of capture in maritime See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (art . 1) . several observers' looks as though it might have had a similar origin, notwithstanding that this See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis was rejected by them . (2) A See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of sea-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl on one occasion recorded by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Aldis2 produced the appearance of a snake swimming at the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the water . (3) A large See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of seaweed has on more than one occasion been cautiously approached and even harpooned under the impression that it was such a See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster.' (4) A pair of basking sharks (Selache See also:

• MAXIMA

maxima) furnish an explana- tion of some of the recorded observations, as was first pointed out by See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank See also:

• BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TREVELYAN (1826–188o)
• BUCKLAND, WILLIAM (1784–1856)

Buckland .

These See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish have a See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of swimming in pairs, one following the other with the dorsal fin and the upper See also:

• LOBE

lobe of the tail just appearing above the water, and, as each animal is fully 30 ft. long, the effect of a See also:

• BODY

body of 6o or more ft. long moving through the water is readily produced . To this See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category belongs the famous serpent See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast up on Stronsay, one of the Orkneys, of which an account was read to the Wernerian Society of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh;' some of its vertebrae were preserved in the Royal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Surgeons of London, and identified as those of Selache maxima by both See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home and See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen.' There is also See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show that specimens of Carcharodon must have existed more than too ft. longs (5) Ribbon-fish (Regalecus), from their snake-like See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and See also:

• GREAT

great length (sometimes as much as 20 ft.), have been suggested as the origin of so-called " sea- serpents," amongst others by Dr See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Wilson7; but Dr See also:

• GUNTHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1695-1723)

Gunther,' from what is known regarding the habits of these fish, does not regard the theory as tenable . (6) A gigantic squid (Architeuthis) was most likely the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the old Norse accounts, 9 and also of those which in the early See also:

• PART

part of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century came so frequently from the See also:

• UNITED

United States as to gain for the animal the See also:

• SOBRIQUET

sobriquet of "See also:

• AMERICAN

American sea-serpent."10 These stories were so circumstantial, so consistent, and vouched for by persons of such See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence, that no doubt was possible (notwithstanding the cavilling of See also:

• MITCHELL
• MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT (1822—1908)
• MITCHELL, MARIA (1818—1889)
• MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR (1830-)
• MITCHELL, SIR THOMAS LIVINGSTONE (1792-1855)

Mitchell)" as to the existence of a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange marine monster of very definite See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character in those regions . The description commonly given of it has been summed up by See also:

• GOSSE, EDMUND (1849– )
• GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY (1810–r888)

Gosse 12 somewhat thus :—(i.) See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general form that of a serpent; (ii.) length averaging 6o ft.; (iii.) See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head flattened, See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye generally not mentioned, some distinctly stating that it was not seen; (iv.) See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck 12 to 16 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter; (v.) appendages on the head, neck or back (accounts here variable); (vi.) See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour dark, lighter below; (vii.) swims at the surface, head thrown forward and slightly elevated; (viii.) progression steady and See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, body straight but capable of being See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent; (ix.) water spouting from it; (x.) in shape like a " See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

nun See also:

• BUOY

buoy." The annexed figure (fig . I) represents one which was seen from H.M.S." See also:

• DAEDALUS

Daedalus."' To show the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason- FIG' . 1.—Sea-serpent, as seen from H.M.S. ableness of this hy-" Daedalus." pothesis, it may be added that gigantic Cephalopods are not unfrequeiit on the shores of See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland.14 and are occasionally met with on the coasts See also:

• MOTT, LUCRETIA [COFFIN] (1793–188o)
• MOTT, VALENTINE (1785–1865)

Mott, Nature, See also:

• XXVII

xxvii. pp . 293, 315, 338; also Land and Water (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1872) . 2 Nature, ibid.; also See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

Drew, in vol. xviii. p . 489; See also:

• BIRD

Bird, torn. cit. p . 519; See also:

• INGLEBY, CLEMENT MANSFIELD (1823—1886)

Ingleby, torn. cit p . 541 . ' F .

See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Times (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1858) ; Herriman, quoted by Gosse, op. cit. postea, p . 338; See also:

• PRINGLE, SIR JOHN (1707–1782)

Pringle, Nature, xviii. p . 519 (1878) . 4 Mem . Wern . See also:

• SOC

Soc . Edin. vol. i. pp . 418-444, pls. ix.-xi . (1811) . See also:

• ANN

Ann . Mag . Nat .

Hist. See also:

• SER

ser . 2, vol. ii. p . 461 (1848); for a See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of these views, see See also:

• TRAILL, HENRY DUFF (1842-1900)

Traill, Proc . See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . Soc . Edin. vol. iii. p . 208 (1857) . 4 Owen, Odontography, p . 30 . Leisure Time Studies, p . 115 (London, 1879), containing a readable See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the subject; Scotsman (6th September 1878); Nature, loc. cit . 8 Study of Fishes, p .

521 (Edinburgh, 188o) . 8 See See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note 2; also Deinbolt, quoted in Zoologist, p . 1604 (1847) . 1° See also:

• BIGELOW, JOHN (1817- )

Bigelow, Amer . Journ . Sci. vol. ii. pp . 147-165 (1820); See also:

• WARBURTON, BARTHOLOMEW ELLIOTT GEORGE (1810-1852)
• WARBURTON, COLONEL SIR ROBERT (1842–1899)
• WARBURTON, WILLIAM (1698–1779)

Warburton, ibid. vol. xii. p . 375 (1823); Zoologist, p . 1714 (1847) . u Amer . Journ . Sci. vol. xv. p .

351 (1829) . 12 See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance of Natural History, p . 345 (London, 1859) . M'Quahae, Times (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1848) ; See also:

• ILL

Ill . Lond . See also:

• NEWS

News(October 1848) . 14 A . E . Verrill, Trans . Connect . Acad. vol. v. part i . (188o), See also:

• CON

con- taining an account of all authenticated specimens of gigantic squids .

56i of Scandinavia," See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark and the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles," and their extreme See also:

• SIZE

size seems to be above 6o ft., and, furthermore, that their mode of progression is by means of a See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet of water forcibly expelled from the See also:

• SIPHON, or SYPHON (Lat. sipho; Gr. vi4xov, a tube)

siphon, which would impart that equable See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion to which several observers allude as being evidently not produced by any See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine bending of the body . A very interesting account of a monster almost certainly originating in one of these squids is that of Hans See also:

• EGEDE, HANS (1686–1758)

Egede,17 the well-known missionary to See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland; the See also:

• DRAWING

drawing by Bing, given in his See also:

• WORK

work, is reproduced here (fig . 2), with a sketch of a squid in the act of rearing itself out from the water (fig . 3), an See also:

• ACTION

action which they have been observed in aquaria habitually to perform . Numerous other ac-See also:

• COUNTS

counts seem to be explicable by this hypothesis,18 among them may be mentioned that of a huge " snake " seen by certain of the See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew of the " Pauline " in the South See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean, which was said to be coiled twice round a large sperm See also:

• WHALE

whale, and then towered up many feet into the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and finally dragged the whale to the bottom . It is now well-known that the sperm whale kills and devours Architeuthis and other large oceanic Cephalopods, and no one who has read Bullen's vivid description, in The Cruise of the Cachalot, of the struggle between a cachalot and a See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant squid, can doubt that it was a combat of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind which was thus erroneously described . The immensely long arms of Architeuthis would not unnaturally be mistaken for a snake by sailors, and instead of being dragged to the bottom the whale doubtless sounded of its own See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord as whales usually do (see CUTTLEFISH) . (7) A sea-See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, or "See also:

• ANSON, GEORGE ANSON, BARON (1697-1762)

Anson's See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal" (Morunga elephantina), was suggested by Owen" as a possible explanation of the serpent seen from H.M.S . " Daedalus"; but as this was afterwards rejected by See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain M`Quahae,2° who stated that it could not have been any animal of the seal kind, it seems better to refer the appearance to a squid . (8) A See also:

• PLESIOSAURUS

plesiosaurus, or some other of the huge marine See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles usually believed to be See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, might certainly have produced the 1s Steenstrup, Forhandl . Skand . Naturf., 7de Mode, pp .

182-185 (See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania, 1857) . 16 Saville See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond. p . 178 (1874) ; More, Zoologist, p . 4526 (1875); also Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist. ser . 4, vol. vi . Hans Egede .

water . p . I2 '7 Det gamle Gronlands See also:

• NYE, EDGAR WILSON (1850-1896)

nye Perlustration (See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, 1741; Eng. trans., A Description of Greenland, London, 1745, pp . 86-89) ; also See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Egede, Efterretninger om Gronland, Copenhagen, n.d., pp . 45, 46- '8 L. de See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry, quoted by Pontoppidan, op. cit . ; See also:

• DAVIDSON, ANDREW BRUCE (1831–1902)
• DAVIDSON, JOHN (1857–1909)
• DAVIDSON, RANDALL THOMAS (1848– )
• DAVIDSON, SAMUEL (1807-1898)
• DAVIDSON, THOMAS (1817-1885)

Davidson and See also:

• SANDFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1294)

Sandford, quoted in Zoologist, p . 2459 (1849) ; See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

Senior, Graphic (19th See also:

• APRIL

April 1879); See also:

• BARNETT, JOHN (1802–1890)
• BARNETT, SAMUEL AUGUSTUS (1844– )

Barnett, Nature, vol. xx. p . 289 (1879); See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

Penny, Ill . Lend . News, vol. lxvii. p . 515 (loth See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1875) . 19 Ann .

Mag . Nat . Hist. ser . 2, vol. ii. p . 461 (1848) . 2° . Times (21st November 1848) . phenomena described, granting the possibility of one having survived to the See also:

• PRESENT

present time . See also:

• NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1805-1897)
• NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801-1890)

Newman' and Gosse2 have both supported this theory, the former citing as evidence in its favour the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of a creature with the body of an See also:

• ALLIGATOR (Spanish el lagarto, " the lizard ")

alligator, a long neck and four paddles having been seen by Captain See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope of H.M.S . " See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

Fly " in the Gulf of See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California.3 (9) No satisfactory explanation has yet been given of certain descriptions of the sea-serpent . Perhaps the most remarkable of these is See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant See also:

• HAYNE, ROBERT YOUNG (1791–1839)

Hayne's4 account of a creature seen from H.M. yacht "See also:

• OSBORNE

Osborne." Two different aspects were recorded—the first being a See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, 30 ft. in length, of triangular fins, each rising 5 to 6 ft. above the water, while the second view showed a large round head 6 ft. in diameter, with huge flappers, which moved like those of a turtle . A more See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the appearance of a mysterious sea-monster is that of Messrs See also:

• MEADE, GEORGE GORDON (1815—1872)
• MEADE, WILLIAM (1789-1862)

Meade-See also:

• WALDO, SAMUEL LOVETT (1783-1861)

Waldo and See also:

• NICOLL, ROBERT (1814-1837)
• NICOLL, SIR WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1851– )

Nicoll, both See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows of the Zoological Society, in the Proceedings of that Society for 1906, p .

719 . These two gentlemen on the 7th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1905 were on board the yacht " See also:

• VALHALLA (Old Norse Valhdll, i.e. " hall of the slain ")

Valhalla " off the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil when at 10 . 15 A.M. they saw, too yds. from the ship, a large fin projecting above the water to a height of 18 in. or 2 ft., and 6 ft. in length . Under the water to the See also:

• REAR

rear of the fin was the shade of a considerable body . When Mr Meade-Waldo directed his See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-glasses upon the object he saw a great head and neck rise out of the water in front of the fin . The neck appeared about the thickness of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's body, and 7 to 8 ft. in length . The head was of the same thickness and had a very turtle-like appearance, eye and mouth being distinctly seen . The object was going very slowly and shortly disappeared from view . In this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case as in others the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects seen were not sufficient to identify the nature of the animal . It is difficult to attribute such a head and neck to any known fish, and turtles have no dorsal fin . It would thus appear that, while, with very few exceptions, all the so-called " sea-serpents " can be explained by reference to some well-known animal or other natural object, there is still a residuum sufficient to prevent modern zoologists from denying the possibility that some such creature may after all exist . Distinct in origin from the stories already touched on is the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of the sea-serpent or tinnin among the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs (Mas'Cdi-i .

266 seq . ; Kazwini i . 132 seq . ; See also:

• DAMIRI

Damiri i . 186 seq.), which is described in such a way as to leave no doubt that the See also:

• WATERSPOUT

waterspout is the phenomenon on which the See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

fable rests . The tinnin is the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• TANNIN, or TANNIC ACID

tannin (E.V . " whale," " See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon "), which in Ps. cxlviii . 7 might in the context be appropriately rendered " waterspout." In addition to the See also:

• SOURCES

sources already cited, the reader may consult See also:

• BLACKWOOD, WILLIAM (1776-1834)

Blackwood's See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine, vol. iii . (1818); See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee, Sea Monsters Unmasked (International See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries See also:

• EXHIBITION

Exhibition Handbook, London, 1883) ; Cogswell, Zoologist, pp . 1841, 1911 (1847); and See also:

• HOYLE, EDMUND, or EDMOND (1672-1769)

Hoyle, Proc . Roy . Phys .

Soc . Edin. vol. ix . (W . E . Ho.; J . T . C.) SEA-SICKNESS, the symptoms experienced by many persons when subjected to the pitching and See also:

• ROLLING

rolling motion of a vessel at sea, of which depression, giddiness, See also:

• NAUSEA (from Gr. vain, a ship)

nausea and vomiting are the most prominent . They generally show themselves soon after the vessel has begun to See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll by the onset of giddiness and discomfort in the head, together with a sense of nausea and sinking at the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach, which soon develops into intense sickness and vomiting . At first the contents of the stomach only are ejected; but thereafter bilious See also:

• MATTER

matter, and occasionally even See also:

• BLOOD

blood, are brought up by the violence of the retching . The vomiting is liable to exacerbations according to the amount of oscillation of the ship; but seasons of See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, sometimes admitting of See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, occasionally intervene . With the sickness there is great See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical prostration, as shown in the pallor of the skin, See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold sweats and feeble See also:

• PULSE

pulse, accompanied with See also:

• MENTAL

mental depression and wretchedness . In almost all instances the attack has a favourable termination, except in the case of persons weakened by other diseases .

The conditions concerned in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of the malady are apparently of complex character . In the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, the rolling or heaving of the vessel disturbs that feeling of the relation of the body to surrounding objects upon which the sense of See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security rests . The See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous See also:

• SYSTEM

system being thus subjected to a succession of shocks fails ' Zoologist, p . 2395 . 2 Op. cit. p . 358 . 3 Op . Cit., p . 2356 (1849) . 4 Graphic (30th See also:

• JUNE

June 1877).to effect the necessary adjustments for See also:

• EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium . Giddiness and with it nausea and vomiting follow, aided probably by the profound vaso-motor disturbance which produces such See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest depression of the circulation . The displacement of the abdominal viscera, especially the stomach, by the rolling of the vessel may possibly operate to some extent, but it can only be as an See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory cause .

The same may be said of the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the changing impressions made upon the See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision, since attacks of sea-sickness occur also in the dark, and in the case of See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind persons . Other contributory causes may be mentioned, such as the feeling that sickness is certain to come, which may bring on the attack in some persons even before the vessel has begun to move; the sense. of the body being in a yielding See also:

• MEDIUM

medium, the varied odours met with on board ship, and circumstances of a like nature tend also to precipitate or aggravate an attack . No means has yet been discovered which can altogether prevent the occurrence of sea-sickness, nor is it likely any will be found, until the pitching movements of the vessel are done away with . Swinging couches or See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers have not proved of any See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical utility . No doubt there is less See also:

• RISK

risk of sickness in a large and well-ballasted vessel than in a small one; but, even though the rolling may be considerably modified, the ascending and descending movements which so readily produce nausea continue . None of the medicinal agents proposed possess infallible properties: a remedy which suits one See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person will often.wholly fail with another . See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

Nerve sedatives are among the most potent drugs which can be employed; and doses of bromide of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium, bromural or See also:

• CHLORAL

chloral, appear to act usefully in the case of many persons . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, some high authorities have recommended the employment of nerve stimulants, such as a small cupful of very strong See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, to be taken about two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours before sailing, which will frequently prevent or mitigate the sickness . When the vessel is in motion, or even before starting, the recumbent position with the head See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and the, eyes closed should be assumed by those at all Iikely to suffer, and, should the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather admit, on deck rather than below—the body, especially the extremities, being well covered . Many persons, however, find comfort and See also:

• RELIEF

relief from lying down in their berths with a hot See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle to the feet, by which means sleep may be obtained, and with it a temporary See also:

• ABATEMENT (derived through the French abattre, from the Late Latin battere, to beat)

abatement of the giddiness and nausea . Should sickness supervene small quantities of some See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, such as thin See also:

• ARROWROOT

arrowroot, gruel or soup, ought to be swallowed if possible, to lessen the sense of exhaustion . The vomiting may be mitigated by saline effervescingg drinks, See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform, hydrocyanic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid or See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium .

See also:

• ALCOHOL

Alcohol, although occasionally useful in great prostration, generally tends rather to aggravate the sickness . Dr See also:

• CHAPMAN (from O. Eng. ceap, and Mid. Eng. ,heap, to barter, cf. " Cheapside " in London, and Ger. Kaufmann)
• CHAPMAN, GEORGE (? 1559–1634)

Chapman, in accordance with his view that the cause of the sickness is an undue afflux of blood to the See also:

• SPINAL

spinal See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord, introduced a spinal ice-bag; but, like every other See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of treatment, it has only occasional success . Such remedies as nitrite of amyl and See also:

• COCAINE, C17H21NO4

cocaine do not seem to yield any better results .