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See also: net, consisting of an expanse of netting weighted at the bottom and floated at the top edge by corks, cast from a boat or See also: ship to enclose a space of See also: water and then See also: drawn into the vessel or to See also: shore
.
See also: SEINE-ET-See also: MARNE, a department of See also: northern See also: France, formed in 1790 of almost the entire See also: district of Brie (See also: half of which belonged to See also: Champagne and half to Ile-de-France) and a portion of Gatinais (from Ile-de-France and See also: Orleanais)
.
Pop
.
(1906) 361,939
.
See also: Area, 2289 sq. m
.
Seine-et-Marne is bounded N. by the department of See also: Oise, N.E. by that of See also: Aisne, E. by Marne and See also: Aube, S.E. by See also: Yonne, S. by Loiret and W. by Seine-et-Oise
.
The whole department belongs to the See also: basin of the Seine, and is drained partly by that See also: river and partly by its tributaries the Yonne and the Loing from the See also: left, and from the right the Voulzie, the Yeres and the Marne, with its affluents the Ourcq, the See also: Petit Morin and the See also: Grand Morin
.
With the exception of the Loing, flowing from See also: south to See also: north, all these streams See also: cross the department from See also: east to west, following the general slope of the See also: surface, which is broken up into several plateaus from 300 to
.
Soo ft. in height (highest point, in the north-east, 705 ft., lowest 105), and separated from each other by deep valleys
.
Most of
the plateaus belong to the Brie, a fertile well-wooded district of a clayey character
.
In the south lie the dry sandy district of the See also: Fontainebleau sandstones and See also: part of the region known as the Gatinais
.
The See also: climate is rather more " See also: continental " than that of Paris—the summers warmer, the winters colder; the See also: annual rainfall does not exceed 16 in
.
There is a striking difference in temperature between the south of the department, where the famous See also: white
See also: grape (chasselas) of Fontainebleau ripens, and the country to the north of the Marne,—this river marking See also: pretty exactly the northern limit of the See also: vine
.
The See also: wheat and oats of Brie are especially esteemed; potatoes, See also: sugar See also: beet, mangel-wurzel and See also: green See also: forage are also important crops, and market gardening flourishes
.
See also: Provins and other places are well-known for their See also: roses
.
The See also: cider and honey of the department are of See also: good quality
.
Thousands of the well-known Brie cheeses are manufactured, and large numbers of calves, See also: sheep and poultry are reared
.
The forests (covering a fifth of the surface) are planted with See also: oak, See also: beech, See also: chestnut, See also: hornbeam, birch, See also: wild See also: cherry, See also: linden, See also: willow, See also: poplar and conifers
.
Best known and most important is the See also: forest of Fontainebleau
.
Large areas are devoted to See also: game-preserves
.
Excellent freestone is quarried in the department, notably at Chateau-Landon in the valley of the Loing, See also: mill-stones at La Ferte-sous-Jouarre; the Fontainebleau
See also: sandstone is used for pavements, and the white See also: sand which is found along with it is in See also: great See also: request for the manufacture of See also: glass
.
Along the Marne are numerous See also: gypsum quarries; lime-kilns occur throughout the department; and peat is found in the valleys of the Ourcq and the Voulzie
.
Beds of See also: common See also: clay and See also: porcelain clay supply the See also: potteries of Fontainebleau and See also: Montereau
.
Other See also: industrial establishments are numerous large See also: flour-mills, notably those of See also: Meaux, the See also: chocolate See also: works of Noisiel, sugar factories, See also: alcohol distilleries, paper-mills (the Jouarre paper mill manufactures See also: bank-notes, &c., both for France and for See also: foreign markets), saw-mills, printing works (See also: Coulommiers, &c.) and tanneries
.
Much of the See also: motive-power used is supplied by the streams
.
See also: Paris is the chief outlet for the industrial and agricultural products of the department
.
See also: Coal and raw material for the manufactures are the chief imports
.
The Seine, the Yonne, the Marne, and the Grand Morin are navigable, and, with the canals of the Loing and the Ourcq and those of Chalifert, Cornillon and Chelles, which cut off the windings of the Marne, See also: form a See also: total waterway of over 200 M
.
Seineet-Marne has 5 arrondissements (See also: Melun, Coulommiers, Fontainebleau, Meaux, Provins), 29 cantons and 533 communes
.
It forms the diocese of Meaux (archiepiscopal province of Paris), and part of the region of the V army corps and of the academia (educational circumscription) of Paris
.
Its See also: court of See also: appeal is at Paris
.
Melun, the capital, Meaux, Fontainebleau, Coulommiers, Provins, Nemours and Montereau (qq.v.), are the more important towns in the department
.
Among other interesting places are Lagny (pop
.
5302), with an abbey-See also: church of the 13th century; Brie-Comte Robert, with a church of the early 13th century; Ferrieres, with a
See also: fine chateau built in 186o by Baron Alphonse See also: Rothschild; Moret-sur-Loing, which preserves fortifications dating from the 15th century including two remarkable gateways; St Loup-de-Naud, with a church of the first half of the I2th century; Jouarre, where there is a church of the 15th century, built over a crypt containing workmanship of the Merovingian See also: period; and See also: Vaux-le-Vicomte with the famous chateau built by Fouquet, See also: minister of See also: Louis XIV
.
SEINE-ET-OISE, a department of northern France, formed in 1790 of part of the old province of tie-de-France, and traversed from south-east to north-west by the Seine, which is joined by the Oise
.
Pop
.
(rgo6) 749,753• Area, 2184. sq. m . It is bounded by the departments of Seine-et-Marne on the E., Loiret on the S., See also: Eure-et-Loir on the W., Eure on the N.W. and Oise on the N
.
It encloses the department of Seine
.
The Epte on the north-west is almost the only natural boundary on the department
.
The streams (all belonging to the basin of the Seine) are: on the right the Yeres, the Marne, the Oise and the Epte, and on the left the Essonne (joined by the Juine, which passes See also: Etampes), the Orge, the Bievre and the Mauldre
.
Seine-et-Oise belongs in part of the tableland of See also: Beauce in the south and to that of Brie in the east
.
In the centre are the high wooded hills which make the charm of See also: Versailles, Marty and St Germain
.
But it-is in the north-west, in the Vexin, that the culminating point (690 ft.) is
_
reached, while the lowest point, where the Seine leaves the department, is little more than 40 ft. above the See also: sea
.
The mean temperature is 51° F
.
Seine-et-Oise is a flourishing agricultural and horticultural department
.
Wheat, oats, potatoes and sugar-beet are important crops
.
Versailles, Rambouillet, See also: Argenteuil are among the numerous market-gardening and horticultural centres, and See also: wine is grown at Argenteuil and in other localities on the right bank of the Seine
.
Mitch-cows and draught-oxen are the chief livestock, and poultryfarming is prosperous, theSee also: town of Houdan giving its name to a well-known breed of fowls
.
Forests occupy about 190,000 acres, the largest being that of Rambouillet (about 32,000 acres)
.
Oak, hornbeam, birch and chestnut are the commonest trees
.
See also: Building, paving and mill stones, gypsum, cement, &c., are produced by the department which is very See also: rich in quarries
.
There are See also: mineral springs at Enghien and Forges-See also: les-Bains
.
The most important industrial establishments are the See also: national porcelain factory at Sevres; the See also: government powder-mills of Sevran and Bouchet; paper-mills, especially those of Essonnes and its vicinity, which are among the most important in See also: Europe; textile works, flour-mills, foundries and See also: engineering, metallurgical or railway works at Evry-Petit-Bourg, Villeneuve-St Georges (pop
.
9508) and elsewhere; agricultural implement factories at Dourdan and elsewhere; sugar-refineries and distilleries; crystal works (See also: Meudon), laundries, large printing establishments, close to Paris; factories for chemical products, candles, See also: hosiery, perfumery, shoes and buttons; See also: zinc-works, saw-mills
.
Seine-et-Oise exports chiefly the products of its farms and quarries
.
Its imports include coal, raw material for its See also: industries, wine, See also: kaolin and See also: wood
.
The See also: railways of all the great companies of France (except the See also: Southern) See also: traverse the department, but most of the lines belong to those of the Western and Northern systems
.
The Seine and the Oise, and the canals of Ourcq and Chelles provide about 120 M. of waterway
.
Seine-et-Oise is divided into six arrondissements (Versailles, See also: Corbeil, Etampes, Mantes, See also: Pontoise, Rambouillet) with 37 Cantons and 691 communes
.
It forms the diocese of Versailles and part of the educational circumscription (academie) of Paris and of the regions of the II., III., IV. and V. army corps, the troops in its territory being under the command of the military government of Paris . Its court of appeal is also at Paris . The most notable towns in the department are Versailles, the capital, Corbeil, Sevres, Etampes, Mantes, Pontoise, Rambouillet, Argenteuil, See also: Poissy, St Cloud, St Cyr, St Germain-en-Laye, Meudon, Montmorency, See also: Rueil and Marly-le-Roi (see See also: separate articles)
.
Other places of See also: interest are Montfort-l'Arnaury, which has a See also: Renaissance church with fine stained glass, a gateway of the 16th century and a ruined chateau once the seat of the powerful See also: family of Montfort; 1\(lontlhery, which preserves the keep (13th century) and other ruins of a celebrated fortress which commanded the road from Paris to See also: Orleans;
See also: Roche-Guyon, seat of the family of that name, which has two chateaus, one a feudal stronghold, the other also See also: medieval but altered in the 18th century; See also: Vigny, with a See also: Gothic chateau of the 15th century; Ecouen, where there is a chateau of the 16th century once the See also: property of the Conde family, now a school for daughters of members of the See also: Legion of Honour; Dampierre, which has a chateau of the 17th century once the property of See also: Charles,
See also: Cardinal of See also: Lorraine; Maisons-Lafhtte (pop
.
8117), with a chateau of the same period once belonging to the family of Longueil
.
The chateau of Malmaison (18th century) is famous as the residence of the Empress Josephine
.
Of the churches of the department, which are very numerous mention may be made of those of Jouy-le Moutier (11th and 12th centuries) ; See also: Beaumont-sur-Oise (13th century) ; Taverny (12th and 13th centuries) ; Longpont (remains of an abbey-church dating from the 11th to the 13th centuries)
.
Near Cernay-la-Ville are interesting remains of a Cistercian abbey and near See also: Levy-St-Nom those of the abbey of Notre-See also: Dame de la Roche, including a church (13th century) with stalls which are among the See also: oldest in France and the tombs of the See also: Levis-Mirepoix family
.
SEINE-INFERIEURE, a department of the north of France, formed in 1790 of four districts (Norman Vexin, Bray, Caux and Roumois) belonging to the province of See also: Normandy Pop
.
(1906) 863,879
.
Area 2448 sq. m Seine-Inferieure 1s bounded N.W. and N. by the See also: English Channel for a distance of 8o m., N.E by See also: Somme, from which it is separated by the Bresle, E. by Oise, S. by Eure and the estuary of the Seine, which separates it from See also: Calvados
.
It is divided almost equally between the basin of the Seine in the south and the basins of certain See also: coast streams in the north
.
The Seine receives from the right See also: hand before it reaches the department the Epte and the Andelle from the Bray district, and then the Darnetal, the Cailly, the Austreberthe, the See also: Bolbec and the Lezarde
.
The See also: main coast streams are the Bresle (which forms the ports of Eu and Treport), the Yet-es, the Arques or See also: Dieppe stream (formed by the junction of the Varennes, the Bethune and the Eaulne), the Scie, the Saane, the Durdent
.
The Pays de Caux, the most extensive natural division, is a See also: system of plateaus separated by small valleys, terminating along the Seine in high bluffs and towards the sea in steep See also: chalk cliffs 300 to 400 ft. high, which are continually being eaten away and transformed into beds of See also: shingle
.
The Bray district in the south-east is a broad valley of denudation formed by the sea as it retired, and traversed by valleys covered with excellent
pasture
.
The highest point (about 800 ft.) is on the eastern border of the department
.
In the comparatively See also: regular outline of the coast there are a few breaks, as at Le Treport, Dieppe, St Valery-en-Caux, See also: Fecamp and Havre,. the Cap de la Heve, which commands this last See also: port, and Cape Antifer, 12 or 13 M. farther north
.
Le Treport, Dieppe, Veules, St Valery, Veulettes, Fecamp, Yport, See also: Etretat and Ste Adresse (to mention only the more important) are fashionable watering-places
.
Forges-les-Eaux (in the east of the department) has cold chalybeate springs of some note
.
The winter is not quite so cold nor the summer so hot as in Paris, but the See also: average temperature of the See also: year is higher
.
The rainfall at See also: Rouen is 28 in. per annum, increasing towards Dieppe
.
In general the department is fertile and well cultivated
.
Along the Seine fine meadow-See also: land has been reclaimed by dyking; and sandy and barren districts have been planted with trees, mostly with oaks and beeches, and they often attain magnificent dimensions, especially in the forest of Arques and along the railway from Rouen to Dieppe; Pinus sylvestris is the See also: principal component of the forest of Rouvray opposite Rouen
.
The forest of Eu covers 36 sq. m. in the north-east . Of the arable crops wheat and oats are the principal, See also: rye, See also: flax, colza, sugar beet and potatoes being also of importance
.
Milch cows are kept in great numbers especially in the Bray district, and Gournay butter and Gournay and Neufchatel See also: cheese are in repute
.
The farms of the Caux See also: plateau are each surrounded by an earthen dyke, on which are planted forest trees, generally beech and oak
.
Within the shelter thus provided See also: apple and See also: pear trees grow, which produce the cider generally drunk by the inhabitants
.
With the exception of a little peat and a number of quarries, Seine-Inferieure has no mineral source of See also: wealth; but manufacturing and especially the textile industry is well See also: developed
.
Rouen is the chief centre of the See also: cotton See also: trade, which comprises spinning and the See also: weaving of rouenneries, indiennes (cotton prints), cretonnes and other cotton goods
.
See also: Elbeuf is the centre of woollen manufacture
.
Flax-spinning, the dyeing and printing of fabrics and other See also: accessory industries also employ many hands
.
Engineering works, foundries and iron ship-building yards are found at Havre and Rouen
.
Wooden See also: ships are also built at Havre, Rouen, Dieppe and Fecamp
.
Other establishments of importance are the national See also: tobacco-factories at Dieppe and Havre, sugar-refineries, distilleries, glass-works, potteries, paper works, See also: soap-works, chemical works, flour-mills, oil-factories, See also: leather works, &c
.
The See also: fisheries are the great resource for the inhabitants of the sea-See also: board
.
Fecamp, which plays a very important part at the Newfound-land fisheries, sends large quantities of See also: cod, See also: herrings, See also: mackerel, &c., into the market; Dieppe supplies Paris with fresh See also: fish; St Valery sends boats as far as See also: Iceland
.
The principal ports for foreign trade are Havre, Rouen and Dieppe
.
The chief imports of the department are cotton, wool, cereals, hides, See also: coffee, See also: timber and dye-woods, indigo and other tropical See also: pro-ducts, coal, petroleum, &c
.
The exports include industrial and See also: dairy products
.
Seine-Inferieure is served principally by the Western railway, but the Northern railway also has several lines there
.
The Seine and other See also: rivers provide 85 m. of navigable waterway
.
The canal of Tancarville from Quillebeuf to Havre is about 15 m. long, that from Eu to Treport about 2 M
.
The department is divided into five arrondissements (Rouen, Dieppe, Havre, Neufchatel and See also: Yvetot) 55 cantons and 76o communes
.
It forms the diocese of the archbishopric of Rouen and part of the region of the III. army corps and of the academie (educational division) of See also: Caen
.
Its court of appeal is at Rouen, the capital
.
Rouen, Havre and Dieppe and in a lesser degree, Elbeuf, Fecamp, See also: Harfleur, See also: Lillebonne, Yvetot, Eu, Le Treport, Aumale, Etretat, Bolbec, See also: Barentin and Caudebec-en-Caux (see separate articles) are noteworthy towns for commercial, architectural or other reasons
.
The following places are also of architectural interest . St See also: Martin-de Boscherville, where there are remains of an important abbey including a fine church in the Romanesque
See also: style of the early 12th century and a Gothic chapter-See also: house of the latter half of the 12th century; Valmont, which has fine ruins (16th century) of the choir of a Cistercian abbey-church; Varengeville, well known for the See also: manor (16th century) of Jacques Ango (see DIEPPE) ; Graville-Ste Honorine, with a Romanesque church and other remains of an See also: ancient abbey; Montivilliers, which has a fine abbey-church of the 11th, 12th and 16th centuries; and Arques, See also: Boos, Martainville, Mesnieres and Tancarville which have old chateaus of various periods
.
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