See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, See also:

• LAT

Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-See also:

• NET

net)  , a type of fishing See also:

• NET

net, consisting of an expanse of netting weighted at the bottom and floated at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top edge by corks, See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast from a See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat or See also:

• SHIP

ship to enclose a space of See also:

• WATER

water and then See also:

• DRAWN

drawn into the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel or to See also:

• SHORE

shore . See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

SEINE-ET-See also:

• MARNE

MARNE, a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, formed in 1790 of almost the entire See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• BRIE (Briegus saltus, from Celtic briek, clay)

Brie (See also:

• HALF

half of which belonged to See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne and half to Ile-de-France) and a portion of Gatinais (from Ile-de-France and See also:

• ORLEANAIS

Orleanais) . Pop . (1906) 361,939 . See also:

• AREA

Area, 2289 sq. m . Seine-et-Marne is bounded N. by the department of See also:

• OISE

Oise, N.E. by that of See also:

• AISNE

Aisne, E. by Marne and See also:

• AUBE

Aube, S.E. by See also:

• YONNE

Yonne, S. by Loiret and W. by Seine-et-Oise . The whole department belongs to the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Seine, and is drained partly by that See also:

• RIVER

river and partly by its tributaries the Yonne and the Loing from the See also:

• LEFT

left, and from the right the Voulzie, the Yeres and the Marne, with its affluents the Ourcq, the See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit See also:

• MORIN, JEAN (latinized JOANNES MORINUS) (1591-1659)

Morin and the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Morin . With the exception of the Loing, flowing from See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, all these streams See also:

• CROSS

cross the department from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, following the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general slope of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, which is broken up into several plateaus from 300 to . Soo ft. in height (highest point, in the north-east, 705 ft., lowest 105), and separated from each other by deep valleys . Most of the plateaus belong to the Brie, a fertile well-wooded district of a clayey See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In the south See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the dry sandy district of the See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau sandstones and See also:

• PART

part of the region known as the Gatinais . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is rather more " See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental " than that of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris—the summers warmer, the winters colder; the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall does not exceed 16 in .

There is a striking difference in temperature between the south of the department, where the famous See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• GRAPE

grape (chasselas) of Fontainebleau ripens, and the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to the north of the Marne,—this river marking See also:

• PRETTY

pretty exactly the northern limit of the See also:

• VINE

vine . The See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and oats of Brie are especially esteemed; potatoes, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• BEET

beet, mangel-wurzel and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• FORAGE

forage are also important crops, and See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market gardening flourishes . See also:

• PROVINS

Provins and other places are well-known for their See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses . The See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

cider and See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey of the department are of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good quality . Thousands of the well-known Brie cheeses are manufactured, and large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of calves, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and poultry are reared . The forests (covering a fifth of the surface) are planted with See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• BEECH

beech, See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut, See also:

• HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

hornbeam, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CHERRY

cherry, See also:

• LINDEN

linden, See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow, See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar and conifers . Best known and most important is the See also:

• FOREST

forest of Fontainebleau . Large areas are devoted to See also:

• GAME

game-preserves . Excellent freestone is quarried in the department, notably at See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau-See also:

• LANDON, CHARLES PAUL (1760-1826)
• LANDON, LETITIA ELIZABETH (18o2-1838)

Landon in the valley of the Loing, See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill-stones at La Ferte-sous-Jouarre; the Fontainebleau See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone is used for pavements, and the white See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand which is found along with it is in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for the manufacture of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . Along the Marne are numerous See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum quarries; See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-kilns occur throughout the department; and See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat is found in the valleys of the Ourcq and the Voulzie . Beds of See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain clay See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

potteries of Fontainebleau and See also:

• MONTEREAU

Montereau . Other See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments are numerous large See also:

• FLOUR

flour-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, notably those of See also:

• MEAUX

Meaux, the See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate See also:

• WORKS

works of Noisiel, sugar factories, See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol distilleries, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-mills (the Jouarre paper mill manufactures See also:

• BANK

bank-notes, &c., both for France and for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign markets), saw-mills, See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing works (See also:

• COULOMMIERS

Coulommiers, &c.) and tanneries .

Much of the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power used is supplied by the streams . Paris is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief outlet for the industrial and agricultural products of the department . See also:

• COAL

Coal and raw material for the manufactures are the chief imports . The Seine, the Yonne, the Marne, and the Grand Morin are navigable, and, with the canals of the Loing and the Ourcq and those of Chalifert, Cornillon and Chelles, which cut off the windings of the Marne, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• TOTAL

total waterway of over 200 M . Seineet-Marne has 5 arrondissements (See also:

• MELUN

Melun, Coulommiers, Fontainebleau, Meaux, Provins), 29 cantons and 533 communes . It forms the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Meaux (archiepiscopal See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Paris), and part of the region of the V See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and of the academia (educational circumscription) of Paris . Its See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal is at Paris . Melun, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Meaux, Fontainebleau, Coulommiers, Provins, See also:

• NEMOURS
• NEMOURS, LORDS AND DUKES OF
• NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL

Nemours and Montereau (qq.v.), are the more important towns in the department . Among other interesting places are Lagny (pop . 5302), with an See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey-See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; Brie-See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, with a church of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 13th century; Ferrieres, with a See also:

• FINE

fine chateau built in 186o by See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse See also:

• ROTHSCHILD

Rothschild; Moret-sur-Loing, which preserves fortifications dating from the 15th century including two remarkable gateways; St Loup-de-Naud, with a church of the first half of the I2th century; Jouarre, where there is a church of the 15th century, built over a See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt containing workmanship of the Merovingian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period; and See also:

• VAUX, CALVERT (1824-1895)

Vaux-le-Vicomte with the famous chateau built by See also:

• FOUQUET (or FOUCQUET), NICOLAS (1615-168o)

Fouquet, See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV . SEINE-ET-OISE, a department of northern France, formed in 1790 of part of the old province of tie-de-France, and traversed from south-east to north-west by the Seine, which is joined by the Oise . Pop .

(rgo6) 749,753• Area, 2184. sq. m . It is bounded by the departments of Seine-et-Marne on the E., Loiret on the S., See also:

• EURE

Eure-et-Loir on the W., Eure on the N.W. and Oise on the N . It encloses the department of Seine . The Epte on the north-west is almost the only natural boundary on the department . The streams (all belonging to the basin of the Seine) are: on the right the Yeres, the Marne, the Oise and the Epte, and on the left the Essonne (joined by the Juine, which passes See also:

• ETAMPES, ANNE DE PISSELEU

Etampes), the Orge, the Bievre and the Mauldre . Seine-et-Oise belongs in part of the tableland of See also:

• BEAUCE (Lat. Belsia)

Beauce in the south and to that of Brie in the east . In the centre are the high wooded hills which make the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles, Marty and St Germain . But it-is in the north-west, in the Vexin, that the culminating point (690 ft.) is _ reached, while the lowest point, where the Seine leaves the department, is little more than 40 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The mean temperature is 51° F . Seine-et-Oise is a flourishing agricultural and horticultural department . Wheat, oats, potatoes and sugar-beet are important crops . Versailles, See also:

• RAMBOUILLET
• RAMBOUILLET, CATHERINE DE VIVONNE, MARQUISE DE (1588-1665)

Rambouillet, See also:

• ARGENTEUIL

Argenteuil are among the numerous market-gardening and horticultural centres, and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine is grown at Argenteuil and in other localities on the right bank of the Seine .

Mitch-cows and See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught-oxen are the chief livestock, and poultryfarming is prosperous, the See also:

• TOWN

town of Houdan giving its name to a well-known breed of fowls . Forests occupy about 190,000 acres, the largest being that of Rambouillet (about 32,000 acres) . Oak, hornbeam, birch and chestnut are the commonest trees . See also:

• BUILDING

Building, paving and mill stones, gypsum, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, &c., are produced by the department which is very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in quarries . There are See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs at See also:

• ENGHIEN
• ENGHIEN, LOUIS ANTOINE HENRI DE BOURBON

Enghien and Forges-See also:

• LES

les-Bains . The most important industrial establishments are the See also:

• NATIONAL

national porcelain factory at Sevres; the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder-mills of Sevran and Bouchet; paper-mills, especially those of Essonnes and its vicinity, which are among the most important in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; textile works, flour-mills, foundries and See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering, metallurgical or railway works at Evry-Petit-Bourg, See also:

• VILLENEUVE, PIERRE CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE SILVESTRE (1763-r8o6)

Villeneuve-St Georges (pop . 9508) and elsewhere; agricultural See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement factories at Dourdan and elsewhere; sugar-refineries and distilleries; crystal works (See also:

• MEUDON

Meudon), laundries, large printing establishments, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to Paris; factories for chemical products, candles, See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery, See also:

• PERFUMERY (Lat. per, through, and fumare, to smoke)

perfumery, shoes and buttons; See also:

• ZINC

zinc-works, saw-mills . Seine-et-Oise exports chiefly the products of its farms and quarries . Its imports include coal, raw material for its See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, wine, See also:

• KAOLIN

kaolin and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . The See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways of all the great companies of France (except the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern) See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the department, but most of the lines belong to those of the Western and Northern systems . The Seine and the Oise, and the canals of Ourcq and Chelles provide about 120 M. of waterway . Seine-et-Oise is divided into six arrondissements (Versailles, See also:

• CORBEIL
• CORBEIL, WILLIAM OF (d. 1136)

Corbeil, Etampes, Mantes, See also:

• PONTOISE

Pontoise, Rambouillet) with 37 Cantons and 691 communes .

It forms the diocese of Versailles and part of the educational circumscription (academie) of Paris and of the regions of the II., III., IV. and V. army corps, the troops in its territory being under the command of the military government of Paris . Its court of appeal is also at Paris . The most notable towns in the department are Versailles, the capital, Corbeil, Sevres, Etampes, Mantes, Pontoise, Rambouillet, Argenteuil, See also:

• POISSY
• POISSY, COLLOQUY OF

Poissy, St See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

Cloud, St Cyr, St Germain-en-Laye, Meudon, See also:

• MONTMORENCY
• MONTMORENCY, ANNE
• MONTMORENCY, MATHIEU JEAN FELICITE DE

Montmorency, See also:

• RUEIL

Rueil and Marly-le-Roi (see See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles) . Other places of See also:

• INTEREST

interest are See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort-l'Arnaury, which has a See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance church with fine stained glass, a gateway of the 16th century and a ruined chateau once the seat of the powerful See also:

• FAMILY

family of Montfort; 1\(lontlhery, which preserves the keep (13th century) and other ruins of a celebrated fortress which commanded the road from Paris to See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans; See also:

• ROCHE, SIR BOYLE, BART

Roche-See also:

• GUYON, JEANNE MARIE BOUVIER DE LA MOTHE (1648—1717)
• GUYON, RICHARD DEBAUFRE (1803-1856)

Guyon, seat of the family of that name, which has two chateaus, one a feudal stronghold, the other also See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval but altered in the 18th century; See also:

• VIGNY, ALFRED DE (1797-1863)

Vigny, with a See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic chateau of the 15th century; Ecouen, where there is a chateau of the 16th century once the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde family, now a school for daughters of members of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour; Dampierre, which has a chateau of the 17th century once the property of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine; Maisons-Lafhtte (pop . 8117), with a chateau of the same period once belonging to the family of Longueil . The chateau of Malmaison (18th century) is famous as the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the Empress See also:

• JOSEPHINE (MARIE ROSE JOSEPHINE TASCHER DE LA PAGERIE) (1763–1814)

Josephine . Of the churches of the department, which are very numerous mention may be made of those of See also:

• JOUY, VICTOR JOSEPH ETIENNE DE (1764-1846)

Jouy-le Moutier (11th and 12th centuries) ; See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont-sur-Oise (13th century) ; Taverny (12th and 13th centuries) ; Longpont (remains of an abbey-church dating from the 11th to the 13th centuries) . Near Cernay-la-Ville are interesting remains of a Cistercian abbey and near See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

Levy-St-Nom those of the abbey of Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame de la Roche, including a church (13th century) with stalls which are among the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest in France and the tombs of the See also:

• LEVIS (formerly Pointe Levi)

Levis-Mirepoix family . SEINE-INFERIEURE, a department of the north of France, formed in 1790 of four districts (See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman Vexin, See also:

• BRAY
• BRAY, SIR REGINALD (d. 1503)
• BRAY, THOMAS (1656-1730)

Bray, Caux and Roumois) belonging to the province of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy Pop . (1906) 863,879 . Area 2448 sq. m Seine-Inferieure 1s bounded N.W. and N. by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Channel for a distance of 8o m., N.E by See also:

• SOMME

Somme, from which it is separated by the Bresle, E. by Oise, S. by Eure and the See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of the Seine, which separates it from See also:

• CALVADOS

Calvados . It is divided almost equally between the basin of the Seine in the south and the basins of certain See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast streams in the north .

The Seine receives from the right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand before it reaches the department the Epte and the Andelle from the Bray district, and then the Darnetal, the Cailly, the Austreberthe, the See also:

• BOLBEC

Bolbec and the Lezarde . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main coast streams are the Bresle (which forms the ports of Eu and Treport), the Yet-es, the Arques or See also:

• DIEPPE

Dieppe stream (formed by the junction of the Varennes, the See also:

• BETHUNE
• BETHUNE (FAMILY)
• BETHUNE, CONON

Bethune and the Eaulne), the Scie, the Saane, the Durdent . The Pays de Caux, the most extensive natural See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, is a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of plateaus separated by small valleys, terminating along the Seine in high bluffs and towards the sea in steep See also:

• CHALK

chalk cliffs 300 to 400 ft. high, which are continually being eaten away and transformed into beds of See also:

• SHINGLE

shingle . The Bray district in the south-east is a broad valley of denudation formed by the sea as it retired, and traversed by valleys covered with excellent pasture . The highest point (about 800 ft.) is on the eastern border of the department . In the comparatively See also:

• REGULAR

regular outline of the coast there are a few breaks, as at Le Treport, Dieppe, St Valery-en-Caux, See also:

• FECAMP

Fecamp and See also:

• HAVRE
• HAVRE, LE

Havre,. the Cap de la Heve, which commands this last See also:

• PORT

port, and Cape Antifer, 12 or 13 M. farther north . Le Treport, Dieppe, Veules, St Valery, Veulettes, Fecamp, Yport, See also:

• ETRETAT

Etretat and Ste Adresse (to mention only the more important) are fashionable watering-places . Forges-les-Eaux (in the east of the department) has See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold chalybeate springs of some See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . The See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter is not quite so cold nor the summer so hot as in Paris, but the See also:

• AVERAGE

average temperature of the See also:

• YEAR

year is higher . The rainfall at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen is 28 in. per annum, increasing towards Dieppe . In general the department is fertile and well cultivated . Along the Seine fine meadow-See also:

• LAND

land has been reclaimed by dyking; and sandy and barren districts have been planted with trees, mostly with oaks and beeches, and they often attain magnificent dimensions, especially in the forest of Arques and along the railway from Rouen to Dieppe; Pinus sylvestris is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal component of the forest of Rouvray opposite Rouen .

The forest of Eu covers 36 sq. m. in the north-east . Of the arable crops wheat and oats are the principal, See also:

• RYE

rye, See also:

• FLAX

flax, colza, sugar beet and potatoes being also of importance . Milch cows are kept in great numbers especially in the Bray district, and Gournay See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and Gournay and Neufchatel See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese are in repute . The farms of the Caux See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau are each surrounded by an earthen dyke, on which are planted forest trees, generally beech and oak . Within the shelter thus provided See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple and See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear trees grow, which produce the cider generally drunk by the inhabitants . With the exception of a little peat and a number of quarries, Seine-Inferieure has no mineral source of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth; but manufacturing and especially the textile See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . Rouen is the chief centre of the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, which comprises See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and the See also:

• WEAVING

weaving of rouenneries, indiennes (cotton prints), cretonnes and other cotton goods . See also:

• ELBEUF

Elbeuf is the centre of woollen manufacture . Flax-spinning, the See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and printing of fabrics and other See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory industries also employ many hands . Engineering works, foundries and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ship-building yards are found at Havre and Rouen . Wooden See also:

• SHIPS

ships are also built at Havre, Rouen, Dieppe and Fecamp . Other establishments of importance are the national See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco-factories at Dieppe and Havre, sugar-refineries, distilleries, glass-works, potteries, paper works, See also:

• SOAP

soap-works, chemical works, flour-mills, oil-factories, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather works, &c .

The See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries are the great resource for the inhabitants of the sea-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board . Fecamp, which plays a very important part at the Newfound-land fisheries, sends large quantities of See also:

• COD

cod, See also:

• HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE

herrings, See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel, &c., into the market; Dieppe supplies Paris with fresh See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish; St Valery sends boats as far as See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland . The principal ports for foreign trade are Havre, Rouen and Dieppe . The chief imports of the department are cotton, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, cereals, hides, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• TIMBER

timber and dye-See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and other tropical See also:

• PRO

pro-ducts, coal, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum, &c . The exports include industrial and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy products . Seine-Inferieure is served principally by the Western railway, but the Northern railway also has several lines there . The Seine and other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers provide 85 m. of navigable waterway . The See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal of Tancarville from Quillebeuf to Havre is about 15 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, that from Eu to Treport about 2 M . The department is divided into five arrondissements (Rouen, Dieppe, Havre, Neufchatel and See also:

• YVETOT

Yvetot) 55 cantons and 76o communes . It forms the diocese of the archbishopric of Rouen and part of the region of the III. army corps and of the academie (educational division) of See also:

• CAEN

Caen . Its court of appeal is at Rouen, the capital . Rouen, Havre and Dieppe and in a lesser degree, Elbeuf, Fecamp, See also:

• HARFLEUR

Harfleur, See also:

• LILLEBONNE

Lillebonne, Yvetot, Eu, Le Treport, See also:

• AUMALE
• AUMALE, HENRI EUGENE PHILIPPE LOUIS

Aumale, Etretat, Bolbec, See also:

• BARENTIN

Barentin and Caudebec-en-Caux (see separate articles) are noteworthy towns for commercial, architectural or other reasons .

The following places are also of architectural interest . St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin-de Boscherville, where there are remains of an important abbey including a fine church in the Romanesque See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the early 12th century and a Gothic See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the latter half of the 12th century; Valmont, which has fine ruins (16th century) of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of a Cistercian abbey-church; Varengeville, well known for the See also:

• MANOR

manor (16th century) of Jacques Ango (see DIEPPE) ; Graville-Ste Honorine, with a Romanesque church and other remains of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient abbey; Montivilliers, which has a fine abbey-church of the 11th, 12th and 16th centuries; and Arques, See also:

• BOOS, MARTIN (1762–1825)

Boos, Martainville, Mesnieres and Tancarville which have old chateaus of various periods .