See also:

• SEISTAN, or SISTAN (SEJISTAN)

SEISTAN, or SISTAN (SEJISTAN)  , the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Sacastane (" See also:

• LAND

land of the Sacae ") and the Nimruz or " Meridies of the Vendidad, a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, situated generally between 3o° o' and 310 35' N., and between 61° o' and (including Rudbar) 62° 4o' E . Its extreme length is about zoo and its breadth varies from 70 to over zoo m., but the exact limits are vague, and the See also:

• MODERN

modern signification of the name practically comprehends the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula formed by the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• HELMUND

Helmund and its embouchure on the one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and the Hamun (See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake) on the other . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 7006 sq. m.; 2847 sq. m. are See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian territory, while 4159 sq. m. belong to Afghanistan . When See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration was brought to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon the disputed claims of Persia over this See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in 1872, it was found necessary to suppose two territories—one compact and concentrated, which was called "See also:

• SEISTAN, or SISTAN (SEJISTAN)

Seistan Proper," the other detached and irregular, called " See also:

• OUTER

Outer Seistan." z . Seistan Proper is bounded on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north by the Naizar, or See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed which fringes the Hamun; See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by the Hamun itself, of which the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill called Kuh-i-Khwajah marks the central point; See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south by a See also:

• LINE

line shutting in Sikuha and all villages and lands watered by the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main Seistan See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal; and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east by the old bed of the Helmund, from z m. above the See also:

• DAM

dam at Kohak to the mouth . Kal'ab: i-nau and Rindan are among the more northerly inhabited villages . The Kuh-i-Khwajah is a sufficient indication of the western side . Burj-i-'Alam See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan should be included within the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundary as well as Sikuha . Khwajah Ahmad and See also:

• JAHANABAD

Jahanabad, villages on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank, or west of the true bed of the Helmund, denote the eastern line . The whole area. is estimated at 947 sq. m . The fixed See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population may be roughly stated at 35,000—some 20,000 Seistanis and 15,000 settlers—the greater See also:

• PART

part of whom are Parsiwans, or rather, perhaps, a Persian-speaking See also:

• PEOPLE

people . To the above See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers may be added zo,000 Baluch nomads .

Taking the aggregate at 45,000, we find nearly 48 persons to the square mile . These figures are eight times in excess of the proportional result found for the whole of Persia . It should be explained that the designation Seistan Proper is not arbitrarily given . The territory comprehended in it is spoken of as Seistan by the dwellers on the right bank of the Helmund, in contradistinction to their own lands, At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it could only be but a fractional part—as indeed the whole country under See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration could only be—of the Seistan of Persian See also:

• HISTORY

history . Seistan Proper is an extensive See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium, generally fiat, but irregular in detail . It has heaps, but no hills; bushes, but no trees, unless indeed three or four tamarisks of aspiring height deserve the name; many old ruins and vestiges of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, but few monuments or See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of antiquity . It is well watered by See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and canals, and its See also:

• SOIL

soil is of proved fertility . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat or See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley is perhaps the See also:

• STAPLE

staple cultivation; but See also:

• PEASE, EDWARD (1767–1858)

pease, beans, oil-seeds and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton are also grown . Among fruits, grapes and mulberries are rare, but melons and See also:

• WATER

water-melons, especially the latter, are abundant . Grazing and See also:

• FODDER

fodder are not wanting, and besides the reeds See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to Seistan there are two See also:

• GRASSES

grasses which merit See also:

• NOTICE

notice—that called See also:

• BANNU

bannu, with which the bed of the Hamun abounds on the south and the taller and less See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt kirta on the higher ground . - 2 . Outer Seistan, the country on the right bank of the Helmund, and east of its embouchure in the Hamun, extends more than See also:

• IOO

ioo m. in length, or from a point between the Charboli and Khuspas rivers north to Rudbar south .

In breadth the district of Chakhansur, measuring from the old bed of the Helmund, inclusive of Nad See also:

• ALI

Ali, to Kadah, may be estimated at some 30 M . It produces wheat and barley, melons, and perhaps a few vegetables and oil seeds . Beyond the Chakhansur limits, southward or up to the Helmund, there is probably no cultivation See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save that obtained on the See also:

• RIVER

river bank, and ordinarily illustrated by patches of wheat and barley with See also:

• MELON (Late Lat. melo, shortened form of Gr. p XoaEawv, a kind of gourd; µijXov, apple, and a- brow, ripe)

melon beds . On the opposite side of the river, in addition to the cultivated portions of the bank, there is a large tract extending from south of Kuhak, or the Seistan dam (See also:

• BAND

band), to the gravelly soil below the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate Seistan from See also:

• BALUCHISTAN

Baluchistan and Narmashir . The distance from north to south of this See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain may be computed at 40 m., and from east to west at 8o or 90 M . Lands north of the Naizar not belonging to the Afghan district of Lash Juwain may also be included in Outer Seistan; but it is unnecessary to make any distinction of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind for the tract marked Hamun on the west, where it merges into the Persian frontier . The in-habitants are Seistanis or Parsiwans, Baluch nomads and Afghans . Between the Kuhak band and Rudbar they are mainly Baluch . Most of the less See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad tribesmen are Sanjurani and Toki, the sardars jealously claiming the former appellation . The most remarkable See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical feature of Seistan generally, in the modern acceptation of the See also:

• TERM

term, is the Hamun, which stretches far and wide on the north, west and south, but is for a See also:

• GREAT

great part of the See also:

• YEAR

year dry or a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere swamp . It is a curious feature in the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical conformation of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and western Afghanistan that none of the rivers flow to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, but that the See also:

• HELMOND

Helmond and all the other rivers of western Afghanistan empty themselves into these lagoons, which spread over thousands of square See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles . A noteworthy feature of the Seistan See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon is that in times of excessive See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood it overspreads a vast area of country, both to the north and south, shutting off the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Seistan (See also:

• NUSRETABAD

Nusretabad) from surrounding districts, and spreading through a channel southwards, known as Shelag, to another great depression, called the Gaud-i-Zirreh .

This great salt swamp is about moo ft. lower in See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation and is situated so See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Helmund as to leave but a few miles of broken See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge between . By that ridge all communication with Seistan must pass in time of flood . Seistan becomes a promontory connected with the See also:

• DESERT

desert south of the Helmund by that See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus alone . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring the existence of a lake could only be certified by pools or hollows of water formed at the mouths of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal feeders, such as the Khash Rud on the north-east, the See also:

• FARAH

Farah Rud on the north-west, and the Helmund, where its old bed terminates at no great distance from the Khash Rud . Bellew describes the aspect of that portion of Seistan limited to the actual See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Helmund as indicating the former existence of a lake which covered with its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters a considerable area . On the north this tract has been raised to a higher level than the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder by the See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit at the mouths of rivers of the solid See also:

• MATTER

matter brought down . It is still, however, from 200 to 500 ft. below the level of the desert cliffs that See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound it, and at some former See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period formed the shores of the lake; and it is from 50 or 6o to 200 ft. above the level of the beds of the rivers now flowing into the existing Hamun . The water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of Seistan is about as uncertain as that of See also:

• SIND

Sind, though the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general inclination to one bank, the left, is more marked in the Helmund than in the See also:

• INDUS

Indus . Therefore the boundary lines given must be received with slight See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation . It is easy to see that a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good year of inundation extends the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the so-called lake to within the Naizar; and there are well-defined beds of dry canals intersecting the country, which prove the existence formerly of an extensive water-See also:

• SYSTEM

system no longer prevailing . The main canal of Seistan, confounded by some writers with the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent river, bears the waters of the Helmund westward into the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the country . They are diverted by means of a large band or dam, known indifferently as the " See also:

• AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

Amir's," the Seistan '' or the " Kuhak " band, It is constructed of horizontally laid See also:

• TAMARISK

tamarisk branches, See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and perpendicular stakes, and protected from damage by a fort on the left and a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower on the right bank of the river .

Although this diversion of the stream may be an artificial development of a natural channel, and undoubtedly See also:

• DATES

dates from a period See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to See also:

• RECENT

recent Persian occupation, it appears that the later arrangements have been more maturely and better organized than those carried on by the predecessors of the amir of Kaian . The towns of Deshtak, Chelling, Burj-i-'Alam Khan, Bahramabad, Kimmak and others of less See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note are actually on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of this main canal . Moreover, it is the indirect means of supplying water to almost every See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• VILLAGE

village in Seistan Proper, feeding as it does a network of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor canals, by which a system of profuse See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation is put in force . The yearly rainfall is only 2 to 3 in . The Seistan depression receives the drainage of a tract of country over 125,000 sq. m. in area . Provisions in Seistan are as a See also:

• RULE

rule sufficient, though See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and oxen are somewhat poor . See also:

• BREAD

Bread is cheap and good, being procurable to natives at less than a See also:

• HALFPENNY, WILLIAM

halfpenny the See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound . Vegetables are scarce, and See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice is chiefly obtained from See also:

• HERAT

Herat . The inundated lands abound with water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl . Partridges and sand-See also:

• GROUSE

grouse are occasionally seen . River See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish are plentiful enough, but confined to one See also:

• SPECIES

species, the See also:

• BARBEL (Barbus vulgaris)

barbel . The population is about 205,000, but the country, even with the lazy methods of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, furnishes a very large amount of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food-supplies in excess of See also:

• LOCAL

local requirements, and it could, of course, be made to furnish very much more .

Under improved See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government Seistan could with but little trouble be made into a second See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . The inhabitants of Seistan are mainly composed of Kaianis, descendants of the ancient rulers of the land; Sarbandis and Shahrakis, tribes supposed to have consisted originally of immigrants from western Persia; and Baluchis of the Nharui and Sanjurani (Toki) clans . Bellew separates the " Seistanis "; but it is a question whether this term is not in a large measure applied to fixed inhabitants of the country, whatever their descent and See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality . The dense reed-beds (Naizar) skirting the Hamun, often several miles in width and composed of reeds io ft. or more in height, look impenetrable, but narrow winding lanes exist in them, known only to the Sayads (Arab. for " See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

hunter "), a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange aboriginal See also:

• RACE

race of Seistan, who live by netting fish and water-fowl . These people live all the year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round at the water's edge, in huts made of reeds, and See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change their abodes as the waters advance or recede . They have a See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of their own, and are an unsociable people, suspicious of strangers, ever ready to decamp if they think a tax-See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector is near . History.—The ancient Drangiana (Zaraya, Daranka, " lake land ") received the name of " land of the Sacae " after this country was permanently occupied by the " Scythians " or Sacae, who overran See also:

• IRAN

Iran in 128 B.C . It was included in the See also:

• SASSANIAN

Sassanian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and then in the empire of the caliphs . About A.D . 86o, when it had undergone many changes of government under lieutenants of the See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad caliphs, or bold adventurers acting on their own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, Yakub b . Laith al-Saffar made it the seat of his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In 901 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the power of the See also:

• SAMANIDS

Samanids, and a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century layer into that of the Ghaznevids .

An invasion of Jagatais and the irruption of Timur are salient points in the history of Seistan prior to the Sefavid See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest (15o8) . Up to 1722 Seistan remained more or less a Persian dependency . At the time of the Afghan invasion of Mir Mahmud (1722), Malik Mahommed Kaiani was the See also:

• RESIDENT

resident ruler in Seistan, and by See also:

• LEAGUE

league with the invader or other intrigue he secured for himself that particular principality and a great part of See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan also . He was slain . by See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

Nadir Kull Khan, the general of Shah Tahmasp, who afterwards, as Nadir Shah, became possessor of Seistan as part of his Persian dominions . Shortly after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Nadir (1751) Seistan passed, together with other provinces, into the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the first See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign in a See also:

• UNITED

united Afghanistan . On the death of Ahmad Shah in 1773 the country became a recognized See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone of contention, not so much between Persians and Afghans as between Herat and See also:

• KANDAHAR

Kandahar; but eventually the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal dissensions of Afghanistan gave Persia the desired opportunity; and by a steady course of intrigue and encroachment she managed to get within her grasp the better lands on the left bank of the lower Helmund and some-thing on the right bank besides . When the British arbitrator appeared on the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene in the beginning of 1872, though compelled to admit the shah's See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of what has been called " Seistan Proper," he could in fairness insist on the evacuation of Nad Ali, Kala Fath, and all places occupied on the right bank by Persian troops; and furthermore he left to the Afghans both sides of the river Helmund from the dam of Kuhak to its See also:

• ELBOW

elbow west of Rudbar . A part of the See also:

• WORK

work of General See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FREDERIC, HAROLD (1856-1898)

Frederic J . See also:

• GOLDSMID

Goldsmid, K.C.S.I., who conducted the first Seistan demarcation See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in 1872, was left undone and completed only in 1903-1905 by See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry McMahon, K.C.I.E . See Eastern Persia, vol. i . ; Bellew's " See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record of Seistan See also:

• MISSION

Mission," See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of R . Geog Society, vol. xliii .

(1873) ; Col Sir H . McMahon's See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in Geographical Journal (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September to See also:

• OCTOBER

October, 1906); also - PERSIA . (F . J . G ; A .