See also:

• SELIM

SELIM III  . (1762–1808) was a son of See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan Mustafa III. and succeeded his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Abd-ul-Hamid I. in 1789 . The talents and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy with which he was endowed had endeared him to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and See also:

• GREAT

great hopes were founded on his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession . He had associated much with foreigners, and was thoroughly persuaded of the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of reforming his See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . But See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia gave him no See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time for anything but See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and it was not until the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• JASSY (Iafit)

Jassy (1792) that a breathing space was allowed him in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, while See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte's invasion of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• SYRIA

Syria soon called for See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey's strongest efforts and for the time shattered the old-See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . See also:

• SELIM

Selim profited by the See also:

• RESPITE (O. Fr. respit, modern repit, Lat. respectus, regard, consideration, respicere, to look back at)

respite to abolish the military See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of fiefs; he introduced salutary reforms into the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, especially in the fiscal See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, sought by well-considered plans to extend the spread of See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and engaged See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• OFFICERS

officers as instructors, by whom a small See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of new troops called See also:

• NIZAM

nizam-i-jedid were collected and drilled . So well were these troops organized that they were able to hold their own against rebellious See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

Janissaries in the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European provinces, where disaffected See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors made no See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple of attempting to make use of them against the reforming sultan . Emboldened by this success, Selim issued an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that in future picked men should be taken annually from the Janissaries to serve in their ranks . Hereupon the Janissaries and other enemies of progress See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose at See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople, and in view of their number, exceeding Io,000, and the violence of their opposition, it was decided that the reforms must be given up for the See also:

• PRESENT

present . See also:

• SERVIA

Servia, Egypt and the principalities were successively the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of hostilities in which Turkey gained no successes, and in 1807 a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• FLEET

fleet appeared at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange to say to insist on Turkey's yielding to Russia's demands besides dismissing the See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I . Selim was, however, thoroughly under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of this ambassador, See also:

• SEBASTIANI, HORACE FRANCOIS BASTIEN, COUNT (1772–1851)

Sebastiani, and the fleet was compelled to retire without effecting its purpose . But the anarchy, See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest or latent, existing throughout the provinces proved too great for Selim to See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope with .

The Janissaries rose once more in revolt, induced the Sheikhul-See also:

• ISLAM

Islam to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant a fetva against the reforms, dethroned and imprisoned Selim (18o7), and placed his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Mustafa on the See also:

• THRONE

throne . The See also:

• PASHA

pasha of See also:

• RUSTCHUK (Bulg. Russe); the capital of the department of Rustchuk, Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, where it receives the E. Lem. Pop. (r906) 33

Rustchuk, Mustafa Bairakdar, a strong See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan of the reforms, now collected an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of 40,000 men and marched on Constantinople with the purpose of reinstating Selim . But he came too See also:

• LATE

late; the See also:

• ILL

ill-fated reforming sultan had been strangled in the seraglio, and Bairakdar's only resource was to wreak his vengeance on Mustafa and to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the throne Mahmud II., the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole surviving member of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• OSMAN (1832-1900)
• OSMAN (`UsMAN)

Osman . For authorities see TURKEY: See also:

• HISTORY

History .