JOHANN SALOMO See also:

• JOHANN SALOMO SEMLER (1725-179I)

SEMLER (1725-179I)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church historian and biblical critic, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SAALFELD

Saalfeld in Thuringia on the 18th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1725, the son of a clergyman in poor circumstances . He See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up amidst pietistic surroundings, which powerfully influenced him his See also:

• LIFE

life through, though henever became a Pietist . In his seventeenth See also:

• YEAR

year he entered the university of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, where he became the See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple, afterwards the assistant, and at last the See also:

• LITERARY

literary executor of the orthodox rationalistic See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor S . J . See also:

• BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB (1714-1762)
• BAUMGARTEN, MICHAEL (1812-1889)

Baumgarten (17o6-1757) . In 1749 he accepted the position of editor, with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of professor, of the See also:

• COBURG

Coburg See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• GAZETTE

Gazette . But in 1751 he was invited to See also:

• ALTDORF

Altdorf as professor of See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology and See also:

• HISTORY

history, and in 1752 he became a professor of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology in Halle . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Baumgarten (1757) See also:

• SEMLER, JOHANN SALOMO (1725-179I)

Semler became the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the theological See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of his university, and the fierce opposition which his writings and lectures provoked only helped to increase his fame as a professor . His popularity continued undiminished for more than twenty years, until 1779 . In that year .he came forward with a reply (Beantwortung der Fragmente eines Ungenannten) to the See also:

• WOLFENBUTTEL

Wolfenbuttel Fragments (see See also:

• REIMARUS, HERMANN SAMUEL (1694-1768)

REIMARUS) and to K . F . See also:

• BAHRDT, KARL FRIEDRICH (1741-1792)

Bahrdt's See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of faith, a step which was interpreted by the extreme rationalists as a revocation of his own rationalistic position .

Even the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, which favoured Bahrdt, made Semler painfully feel its displeasure at this new but really not inconsistent aspect of his position . But, though Semler was really not inconsistent with himself in attacking the views of Reimarus and Bahrdt, his popularity began from that year to decline, and towards the end of his life he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of emphasizing the apologetic and conservative value of true See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical inquiry . His See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the notorious See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• JULY

July 9, 1788, issued by the Prussian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister for ecclesiastical affairs, . Johann Christoph von Wollner (1732-1800), the See also:

• OBJECT

object of which was to enforce Lutheran orthodoxy, might with greater See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice be cited as a sign of the decline of his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers and of an unfaithfulness to his principles . He died at Halle on the 14th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1791, worn out by his labours, and disappointed at the issue of his See also:

• WORK

work . The importance of Semler, sometimes called " the See also:

• FATHER

father of German See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism," in the history of theology and the human mind is that of a critic of biblical and ecclesiastical documents and of the history of dogmas . He was not a philosophical thinker or theologian, though he insisted, with an See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and persistency before unknown, on certain distinctions of See also:

• GREAT

great importance when properly worked out and applied, e.g. the distinction between See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and theology, that between private See also:

• PERSONAL

personal beliefs and public historical See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

creeds, and that between the See also:

• LOCAL

local and temporal and the permanent elements of historical religion . His great work was that of the critic . He was the first to reject with sufficient See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof the equal value of the Old and the New Testaments, the See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform authority of all parts of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, the divine authority of the traditional See also:

• CANON

canon of Scripture, the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration and supposed correctness of the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the Old and New Testaments, and, generally, the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation with Scripture . Though to some extent anticipated by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English deist See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan, Semler was the first to take due See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note of and use for See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical purposes the opposition between the Judaic and See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Judaic parties of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early church . He led the way in the task of discovering the origin of the Gospels, the Epistles, the Acts of the Apostles, and the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse . He revived previous doubts as to the See also:

• DIRECT

direct Pauline origin of the See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle to the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews, called in question See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's authorship of the first epistle, and referred the second epistle to the end of the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

He wished to remove the Apocalypse altogether from the canon . In textual See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism Semler pursued further the principle of classifying See also:

• MSS

MSS. in families, adopted by R . See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon and J . A . See also:

• BENGEL, JOHANN ALBRECHT (1687-1752)

Bengel . In church history Semler did the work of a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer in many periods and in several departments . See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• THOLUCK, FRIEDRICH

Tholuck pronounces him " the father of the history of doctrines," and F . C . See also:

• BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN (1792-1860)

Baur " the first to See also:

• DEAL

deal with that history from the true critical standpoint." At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, it is admitted by all that he was nowhere more than a pioneer . Tholuck gives 171 as the number of Semler's See also:

• WORKS

works, of which only two reached a second edition, and none is now read for its own See also:

• SAKE

sake . Amongst the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief are: Commentatio de demoniacis (Halle, 1760, rthe 1779), Umst¢ndliche Untersuchung der damonischen Leute 1762), Versuch einer biblischen Damonologie (1776), Selecta capita historiae ecclesiasticae (3 vols., Halle, 1767-1769), Abhandlung von freier Untersuchung See also:

• DES

des Kanon (Halle, 1771—1775), Apparatus ad liberalem N.T. interpretationem (1767; ad V.T., 177 ), Institutioad doctrinam See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ. liberaliter discendam (Halle, 1774), f ber historische, gesellschaftliche, and moralische Religion der Christen (1786), and his autobiography, Semler's Lebensbeschreibung, von ihm selbst abgefasst (Halle, 1781-1782) . For estimates of Semler's labours, see W .

Gass, Gesch. der yrot . Dogmatik (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1854—1867) ; Isaak See also:

• DORNER, ISAAC AUGUST (1809-1884)

Dorner, Gesch. der Prot . T eol . (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1867) ; the See also:

• ART

art. in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog's Realencyklopadse; Adolf See also:

• HILGENFELD, ADOLF BERNHARD CHRISTOPH (1823—1907)

Hilgenfeld, Einleitung in das Neue Test . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1875) ; F . C . Baur, Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtsschreibung (1852); and Albrecht See also:

• RITSCHL, ALBRECHT (1822-1889)
• RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876)

Ritschl, Gesch. des Pietismus (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1880-1884) .