See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, mod. senechal, of the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low See also:

• LAT

Lat. senescalcus, a word of See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic origin, meaning " old or See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, See also:

• FLOCK

flock, See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

herd, must be rejected)  , the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to "steward." The See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

seneschal began presumably by being the See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-domo of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian princes who settled in the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and was therefore the predecessor of the mayors of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Merovingian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . But the name seneschal became prominent in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France under the third or Capetian See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . The seneschal, called in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Latin the dapifer (from daps, a feast, and Terre, to carry), was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the five See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court between the See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath and the 13th centuries, the others being the See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

butler, the See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain, the See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable and the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor . His functions were described by the See also:

• TERM

term major regiae domus, and regni Franciae See also:

• PROCURATOR (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procurator—major-domo of the royal See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, and See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of France . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English equivalent was the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high steward, but the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office never attained the same importance in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as in France . Under the earlier Capetian sovereigns the seneschal was the second See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in the kingdom . He inherited the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and position of the See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of the palace—had a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general right of supervision over the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's service, was See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief .of the military forces (princeps militiae regis, or Francorum), was steward of the household and presided in the king's court in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the king . Under weak rulers the seneschal would no doubt have played the same See also:

• PART

part as the mayors of the palace of the Carolingian See also:

• LINE

line . It was the vast possibilities of the office which must be presumed to have tempted the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou of the See also:

• PLANTAGENET

Plantagenet line to claim the hereditary dapifership of France, and to support their claim by forgeries . A See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Anjou who was also in effective See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the office would soon have reduced his feudal lord to See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute insignificance . French See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical scholars have shown that the pretension of the Anjevins was unfounded, and that the See also:

• TREATISE

treatise concocted to support it—the De majoratu et senescalia Franciae, attributed to See also:

• HUGUES, CLOVIS (1851-1907)

Hugues de Cleres—is a medieval See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the seneschalship was in the hands of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• ROCHEFORT
• ROCHEFORT, HENRI, MARQUIS DE

Rochefort, and in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the following century it passed from them to the family of Garlande .

The power of the office was a perpetual temptation to the See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal, and a cause of See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy to the king . The Garlandes came to open conflict with the king, and were forcibly suppressed by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VI. in 1127 . After their fall theseneschalship was conferred only on great feudatories who were the king's kinsmen—on Raoul of See also:

• VERMANDOIS

Vermandois till 1152, and on See also:

• THIBAUT (or THEOBALD) IV
• THIBAUT, ANTON FRIEDRICH JUSTUS (1774-1840)

Thibaut of See also:

• BLOIS

Blois till 1191 . From that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time forward no seneschal was appointed except to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as steward at the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of the king . The name of the seneschal was added with those of the other great officers to the kings in charters, and when the office was not filled the words dapifero vacante were written instead . The great vassals had seneschals of their own, and when the great fiefs, Anjou, See also:

• TOURAINE

Touraine, See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, See also:

• POITOU

Poitou, See also:

• SAINTONGE

Saintonge, See also:

• GUIENNE

Guienne, were regained by the See also:

• CROWN

crown, the office was allowed to survive by the king . In the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of France, See also:

• PERIGORD

Perigord, See also:

• QUERCY (Lat. pagus Caturcinus, Fr. Cahorsin)

Quercy, See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, See also:

• AGENAIS

Agenais, See also:

• ROUERGUE (Ruthenensis pages)

Rouergue, See also:

• BEAUCAIRE

Beaucaire and See also:

• CARCASSONNE

Carcassonne were royal se'nechaussees . In See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc the landlords' agent and judicial officer, known in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of France as a bailli, was called senechal . The office and title existed till the Revolution . See Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, I84o-185o) ; A . See also:

• LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE (1846-1908)

Luchaire, Histoire See also:

• DES

des institutions monarchiques de la France sous See also:

• LES

les premiers Capetiens (Paris, 1883–1885) ; See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel des institutions francaises (Paris, 1892) ; See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

Viollet, See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

Droit publique—Hist. des institutions politiques et administratives de la France (Paris, 189o-1898) .