SENS  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-central See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• YONNE

Yonne, 71 M . S.E. of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the Paris-See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon-Mediterranee railway . Pop . (1906) 13,701 . It is situated on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of, and on an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in, the Yonne just below its confluence with the Vanne . The streets of the town are narrow, but it is surrounded by See also:

• FINE

fine promenades . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne, one of the earliest See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic buildings in France, is additionally interesting because the See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of its chcir influenced through the architect, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of Sens, that of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury cathedral . St Etienne was begun in 1140 and only completed See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . It belongs mainly to the 12th century, and it is characterized by solidity rather than by beauty of proportion or richness of ornamentation . The See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west front is pierced by three portals; that in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle has See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good sculptures, representing the See also:

• PARABLE (Gr. 7apa(3oXi7, a comparison or similitude)

parable of the virgins and the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen . The right-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand portal contains twenty-two remarkable statuettes of the prophets, which have suffered considerable injuries . Above this portal rises the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, decorated with armorial See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings and with statues representing the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal benefactors of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church .

The bells in the campanile by which the tower is surmounted enjoyed immense reputation in the middle ages; the two which still remain, La Savinienne and La Potentienne, weigh respectively 15 tons 7 cwt. and 13 tons 13 cwt . The See also:

• LEFT

left portal is adorned with two bas-reliefs, Liberality and Avarice, as well as with the story of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the Baptist . The portal on the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the cathedral is one of the finest examples of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French 16th-century See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture, that on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south side is surmounted by magnificent stained-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass windows . Other windows of the 12th to the 16th century are preserved, some of them representing the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas of Canterbury . Among the interior adornments are the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the dauphin (son of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV.) and his See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort, See also:

• MARIE

Marie Josephe of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, one of the See also:

• WORKS

works of William See also:

• COUSTOU

Coustou the younger, and bas-reliefs representing scenes from the See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Duprat, See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of France and See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Sens from 1525 to 1535 . The See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum from which they came was destroyed at the Revolution . The See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, one of the richest in antiquities in France, contains a fragment of the true See also:

• CROSS

cross presented by See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, and the See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments of St Thomas of Canterbury . It was in the cathedral of Sens that St Louis, in 1234, married See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite of See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence, and five years later deposited the See also:

• CROWN

crown of thorns . To the south of the cathedral are the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official buildings, dating from the 13th century, but restored by See also:

• VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

Viollet-le-Duc . The old See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and the dungeons had remained intact;in the former is a collection of fragments of sculpture from the cathedral; on the first story is the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod hall, vaulted with stone and lighted by beautiful See also:

• GRISAILLE

grisaille windows . A See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance structure connects the buildings with the archiepiscopal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, which also See also:

• DATES

dates from that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest of the other churches of Sens is St Savinian, the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of which dates from the 3rd century; the See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt and other portions of the church are of Romanesque architecture .

The museum of Sens contains, among other antiquities, some See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious See also:

• MSS

MSS., notably a famous See also:

• MISSAL

missal with See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory covers, and a collection of sculptured stones mainly derived from the old See also:

• ROMAN

Roman fortifications, which were themselves constructed from the ruins of public monuments at the beginning of the See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian invasions . The town has statues of See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron J . J . See also:

• THENARD, LOUIS JACQUES (1777-1857)

Thenard, the famous chemist, and of the sculptor See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

Cousin . Sens is the seat of a sub-See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, and includes among its public institutions a tribunal of first instance, a tribunal of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, a chamber of commerce, a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade arbitrators and a lycee for boys . Among the See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are See also:

• FLOUR

flour-milling, tanning and the manufacture of agricultural implements, boots and shoes, chemicals and See also:

• CUTLERY (Fr. coutellerie, from the Lat. cultellus, a little knife)

cutlery; there is trade in See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, See also:

• COAL

coal and See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, in which the See also:

• PORT

port on the Yonne has some See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share . Sens, when the capital of the See also:

• SENONES

Senones, one of the most powerful peoples of See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, See also:

• BORE

bore the name of Agedincum . It was not finally subdued by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans till after the defeat of Vercingetorix . On the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of Gaul into seventeen provinces under the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• VALENS

Valens, Agedincum became the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis of the 4th Lugdunensis . Theatres, circuses, amphitheatres, triumphal See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches and aqueducts were all built in the town by the Romans . It was the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-point of six See also:

• GREAT

great highways . The inhabitants, converted to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity by the martyrs Savinian and Potentian, held out against the See also:

• ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI, LUIGI (1495-1556)
• ALAMANNI, or ALLEMANNI

Alamanni and the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks in 356, against the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens in 731 or 738, and finally against the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans in 886—the last having besieged the town for six months .

At the beginning of the feudal period Sens was governed by See also:

• COUNTS

counts, who had become hereditary towards the middle of the loth century; and the contests of these counts with the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishops or with their feudal superiors often led to much See also:

• BLOOD

blood-See also:

• SHED

shed and disaster, until, in 1055, the countship was See also:

• UNITED

united to the royal domain . Several See also:

• COUNCILS

councils were held at Sens, notably that of 1140, at which St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard and See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard met . The burgesses in the middle of the 12th century formed themselves into a See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune which carried on See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . This was suppressed by Louis VIII., and restored by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . In the ardour of its Catholicism Sens massacred the Protestants in 1562, and it was one of the first towns to join the See also:

• LEAGUE

League . See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. did not effect his entrance till 1594, and he then deprived the town of its privileges . In 1622 Paris, hitherto See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan to Sens, was made an archbishopric, and the bishoprics of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres, See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans and See also:

• MEAUX

Meaux were transferred to the new See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . In 1791 the archbishopric was reduced to a bishopric of the department of Yonne . Suppressed in 18oi, the see was restored in 1817 with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of archbishopric . The town was occupied by the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies in 1814 and by the Germans in 1870-1871 .