SEPARATE  STATES- 43,000 See also:

• LIBERIA

Liberia • See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco 220,000 See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia 350,000 See also:

• TOTAL

Total See also:

• INDEPENDENT

Independent See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa 613,000 Ownership of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African islands . Thus, See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting the totals, the result of the " scramble " has been to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide Africa among the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers as follows:- Sq. m . See also:

• BRITISH

British Africa . . 2,I01,41I See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian Africa 1,600,000 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Africa . 3,866,950 See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Africa 910,150 See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Africa . 200,000 Portuguese Africa 787,500 See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Africa 99,800 Belgian Africa 900,000 See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish Africa 400,000 Independent Africa 613,000 11,458,811 (J . S . K.) VI . EXPLORATION AND SURVEY SINCE 1875 In giving the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, the later See also:

• WORK

work of exploration, except where, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of de Brazza's expeditions, it had See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• POLITICAL

political consequences, has of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity not been told . The results achieved during and after the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of partition may now be indicated . See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley's See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey down the See also:

• CONGO

Congo in 1875-1876 initiated a new era in African exploration . The See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of travellers soon became so great that the once marvellous feat of See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the continent from See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to sea became See also:

• COMMON

common .

With increased knowledge and much ampler means of communication trans-African travel now presents few difficulties . While d'See also:

• ANVILLE, JEAN

Anville and other cartographers of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, by omitting all that was uncertain, had See also:

• LEFT

left a great See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank on the See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, the work accomplished since 1875 has filled it with See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic topographical details . Moreover surveys of high accuracy have been made at several points . As the work of exploration and survey progressed journeys of startling novelty became impossible—See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in the. eastern See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara, where the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• WATER

water and boundless wastes of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand render exploration more difficult, perhaps, than in any other region of the globe . Within their respective See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence each See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power undertook detailed surveys, and the most solid of the latest accessions to knowledge have resulted from the labours of hard-working colonial officials toiling individually in obscurity . Their work it is impossible here to recognize adequately; the following lines See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record only the more obvious achievements . The relations of the Congo See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin to the neighbouring See also:

• RIVER

river systems was brought out by the journeys of many travellers . In 1877 an important expedition was sent out by the Portu- guese See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government under Serpa See also:

• PINTO
• PINTO, ANIBAL (1825–1884)
• PINTO, FERNAO MENDES (1509–1583)

Pinto, Brito Capello and Roberto Ivens for the exploration of the interior of See also:

• ANGOLA

Angola . Work In The first named made his way by the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-streams of basin, ongo the Kubango to the upper See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi, which he descended to the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria Falls, proceeding thence to See also:

• PRETORIA

Pretoria and See also:

• DURBAN

Durban . Capello and Ivens confined their See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west Congo basin, where they disproved the existence of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Aquilunda, which had figured on the maps of that region since the 16th century . In a later journey (1884-1885) Capello and Ivens crossed the continent from See also:

• MOSSAMEDES

Mossamedes to the mouth of the Zambezi, adding considerably to the knowledge of the border-lands between the upper Congo and the upper Zambezi . More important results were obtained by the German travellers See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Pogge and See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann von Wissmann, who (188o-1882) passed through previously unknown regions beyond Muata Yanvo's See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and reached the upper Congo at Nyangwe, whence Wissmann made his way to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast .

In 1884-1885 a German expedition under Wissmann solved the most important See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical problem See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Congo basin by descending the See also:

• KASAI, or CASSAI

Kasai, the largest southern tributary, which, contrary to expectation, proved to unite with the Kwango and other streams before joining the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main river . Further additions to the knowledge of the Congo tributaries were made at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by the Rev . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Grenfell, a Baptist missionary, who (accompanied in 1885 by K. von See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois) made several voyages in the steamer " See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace," especially up the great See also:

• UBANGI

Ubangi, ultimately proved to be the See also:

• LOWER

lower course of the Welle, discovered in 187o by See also:

• SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST (1836– )

Schweinfurth . In East as in West Africa operations were started by agents of the Belgian See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, but with less success than on the Congo . The first new journey of importance on this See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side was made (I$78-1880) on behalf of the British African Ex- Opening ploration Committee by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson, who after the A t See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, See also:

• KEITH
• KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758)
• KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716)
• KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823)

Keith See also:

• JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY (1803–1862)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER (1849-1888)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH (1804-1871)
• JOHNSTON, ARTHUR (1587-1641)
• JOHNSTON, J
• JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON (1807-1891)
• JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON (1858- )

Johnston, made his way from the coast to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north end of See also:

• NYASA

Nyasa, thence to See also:

• TANGANYIKA (a name said by V. L. Cameron to signify a " mixing-place ")

Tanganyika, on both sides of which he See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke new ground, sighting the north end of Lake See also:

• RUKWA (sometimes also Rikwa and Hikwa)

Rukwa on the east . In 1882-1884 the French See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• GIRAUD, GIOVANNI, COUNT (1776-1834)

Giraud proceeded by the north of Nyasa to Lake See also:

• BANGWEULU

Bangweulu, of which he made the first fairly correct map . North of the See also:

• ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar-Tanganyika route a large areaof new ground was opened in 1883-1884 by Joseph Thomson, who traversed the whole length of the See also:

• MASAI

Masai See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to Lake See also:

• BARINGO

Baringo and Victoria See also:

• NYANZA (from the ancient Bantu root word anza, a river or lake)

Nyanza, shedding the first clear See also:

• LIGHT

light on the great East African rift-valley and neighbouring See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, including Mounts See also:

• KENYA

Kenya and See also:

• ELGON

Elgon . A great advance in the region between Victoria Nyanza and Abyssinia was made in 1887-1889 by the Austrians, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Teleki and Lieut . See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig von Hohnel, who discovered the large Basso Norok, now known as Lake See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf, till then only vaguely indicated on the map as Samburu . At this time See also:

• SOMALILAND

Somaliland was being opened up by See also:

• ENGLISH

English and Italian travellers . In 1883 the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers F . L. and W .

D . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James penetrated from See also:

• BERBERA

Berbera to the Webi Shebeli; in 1892 See also:

• VITTORIO

Vittorio Bottego (afterwards murdered in the Abyssinian highlands) started from Berbera and reached the upper See also:

• JUBA
• JUBA, or JUB

Juba, which he explored to its source . The first See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, however, to See also:

• CROSS

cross from the Gulf of See also:

• ADEN

Aden to the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean was an See also:

• AMERICAN

American, A . See also:

• DONALDSON, JOHN WILLIAM (1811-1861)
• DONALDSON, SIR JAMES (183x- )

Donaldson See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, who in 1894-1895 explored the head-streams of the Webi Shebeli and also explored the Omo, the feeder of Lake Rudolf . In the region north-west of Victoria Nyanza the greatest additions to geographical knowledge were made by H . M . Stanley in his last expedition, undertaken for the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of Emin See also:

• PASHA

Pasha . The expedition set out in 1887 by way of the Congo to carry supplies to the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the old Egyptian See also:

• EQUATORIAL

Equatorial See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . The route See also:

• LAY

lay up the Aruwimi, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal tributary of the Congo from the north-east, by which the expedition made its way, encountering immense difficulties, through the great equatorial See also:

• FOREST

forest, the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and extent of which were thus for the first time brought to light . The return was made to the east coast, and resulted in the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the great snowy range of See also:

• RUWENZORI

Ruwenzori or Runsoro, and the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of the existence of a third See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile lake discharging its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters into the See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Nyanza by the Semliki river . A further discovery was that of a large See also:

• BAY

bay, hitherto unsuspected, forming the south-west corner of the Victoria Nyanza . Great activity was also, displayed in completing the work of earlier explorers in North and West Africa .

Morocco was in 1883-1884 the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of important explorations by Expedi de Foucauld, a Frenchman who, disguised as a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew, dons h, crossed and re-crossed the See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas and supplied the North and first trustworthy See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the See also:

• OROGRAPHY (Gr. opos, mountain, ypadeuv, to write)

orography of west many parts of the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain . In 1887-1889 See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Gustave asrlos . Binger, a French officer, made a great journey through the countries enclosed in the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger See also:

• BEND

bend, and in 189o-1892 See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col . P . F . See also:

• MONTEIL, AMANS ALEXIS (1769–1850)

Monteil went from St Louis to Say, on the Niger, thence through See also:

• SOKOTO

Sokoto to . Bomu and Lake See also:

• CHAD
• CHAD [CEADDA], SAINT (d. 672)

Chad, whence he crossed the Sahara to See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli . Meantime explorers had been busy in the region between Lake Chad, the Gulf of See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea and the Congo . The Sanga, one of. the principal See also:

• NORTHERN

northern tributaries of the Congo, was reached from the north by Lieut . Louis Mizon, a French naval officer, who See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the first See also:

• LINE

line of communication between the See also:

• BENUE

Benue and the Congo (189o-1892) . In 1890 Paul Crampel, who in the previous See also:

• YEAR

year had explored north of the Ogowe, undertook a great expedition from the Ubangi to the See also:

• SHARI

Shari, but was attacked and killed, with several of his companions, on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the See also:

• BAGIRMI

Bagirmi . , Several other expeditions followed, and in 1896 Emile Gentil reached the Shari, launched a steamer on its waters and pushed on to Lake Chad .

See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1900 Lake Chad was also reached by F . Foureau, a French traveller, who had already devoted twelve years to the exploration of the ascended the Ruwenzori range to a height of over 13,000 ft . In-the same year Dr O . Baumann, who had already done See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good work in Usambara, near the coast, started on a more extended journey through the region of See also:

• STEPPES

steppes between See also:

• KILIMANJARO

Kilimanjaro and Victoria Nyanza, afterwards exploring the head-streams of the See also:

• KAGERA

Kagera, the ultimate See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Nile . In the See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe region referred to he discovered two new lakes, Manyara and Eiassi, occupying parts of the East African valley See also:

• SYSTEM

system . This region was again traversed in 1893—1894 by Count von Gotzen, who continued his route westwards to Lake See also:

• KIVU

Kivu, north of Tanganyika, which, though heard of by See also:

• SPEKE, HUGH (1656-c. 1724)
• SPEKE, JOHN HANNING (1827-1864)

Speke.over See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years before, had never yet been visited . He also reached for the first time the line of volcanic peaks north of Kivu, one of which he ascended, afterwards crossing the great equatorial forest by a new route to the Congo and the west coast . Valuable scientific work was done in 1893 by Dr J . W . See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory, who ascended See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Kenya to a height of 16,000 ft . In 1893—1894 -See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott Elliot reached Ruwenzori by way of See also:

• UGANDA

Uganda, returning by Tanganyika and Nyasa, and in 1896 C . W .

Hobley made the. See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of the great See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain Elgon, north-east of Victoria Nyanza . In 1899 Mount Kenya was ascended to its See also:

• SUMMIT

summit by a party under H . J . Mackinder . The exploration of Mount Kilimanjaro has been the See also:

• SPECIAL

special work of Dr Hans See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, who first directed his attention to it in 1887 . The region south of Abyssinia proper and north of Lake Rudolf, being largely the basin of the See also:

• SOBAT

Sobat tributary of the Nile, was traversed by several explorers, among whom may be mentioned Capt . M . S . Wellby, who in 1898—1899 explored the chain of small lakes in south-east Abyssinia, pushed on to Lake Rudolf, and thence traversed hitherto unknown country to the lower Sobat . Donaldson Smith crossed from Berbera to the Nile by Lake Rudolf in 1899—1900, and See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major H . H . See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin commanded two survey parties between the Anglo-Egyptian See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan and Lake Rudolf during 1899-1901 .

Meantime in south Central Africa the See also:

• BAROTSE, BAROTSELAND

Barotse country had been partly made known by the missionary F . Coillard, who settled there in 1884, while the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle and upper Zambezi basin were scientifically explored and mapped by Major A . St H . See also:

• GIBBONS, GRINLING (1648-1721)
• GIBBONS, JAMES (1834– )
• GIBBONS, ORLANDO (1583-1625)

Gibbons and his assistants in 1895—1896 and 1898—190o . In the same period the Congo-Zambezi See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed was traced by a Belgian officer, Capt . C . Lemaire, who had ascended one of the upper tributaries of the Kasai . In the early years of the 19th century the first recorded crossing of Africa took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . That crossing and all subsequent crossings had been made either from west to east or east to west . The first journey through the whole length of the continent was accomplished in the two last years of the century when a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Englishman, E . S . Grogan, starting from Cape See also:

• TOWN

Town reached the Mediterranean by way of the Zambezi, the central line of lakes and the Nile .

Other travellers followed in Grogan's footsteps, among the first, Major Gibbons . Additions to topographical knowledge were made from about 1890 onwards by the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international commissions which traced the frontiers of the protectorates of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European powers . On several occasions the labours of the commissions disclosed errors of importance in the maps upon which international agreements had been based . Among those which yielded valuable results were the Anglo-French See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission which in 1903 traced the Nigerian frontier from the Niger to Lake Chad, and the Anglo-German commission which in 1903—1904 fixed the Cameroon boundary between See also:

• YOLA

Yola, on the Benue, and Lake Chad . These expeditions and French surveys in the same region during 1902—1903 resulted in the discovery that Lake Chad I . 12had greatly decreased in See also:

• AREA

area since the middle of the 19th century . In 1903 a French officer, Capt . E . See also:

• LENFANT, JACQUES (1661–1728)

Lenfant, succeeded in establishing the fact of a connexion between the Niger and Chad basins . Subsequently Lenfant explored the western basin of the Shari, determining (1907) the true upper See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of that river* In East Africa a German-Congolese commission surveyed (1901-1902) Lake Kivu and the volcanic region north of the lake, R . Kandt making a special study of Kivu and the Kagera sources, while the Anglo-German boundary commission of 1902—1.904 surveyed the valley of the lower Kagera, and fixed the exact position of Albert See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Nyanza . Much new information concerning the border-lands of British East Africa and Abyssinia between Lake Rudolf and the lower Juba was obtained by the survey executed in 1902-1903 by a British officer, See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain P .

Maud . While political requirements led to : the exact determination of frontiers, administrative needs forced the governments concerned to take in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the survey of the countries under their See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . Before the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the first See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the 20th century tolerably accurate maps had been made of the German colonies, of a considerable See also:

• PART

part of West Africa, the Algerian Sahara and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, mainly by military See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . A British naval officer, See also:

• COMMANDER

Commander B . Whitehouse, mapped the entire coast-line of Victoria Nyanza . Government and railway surveys apart; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief points of See also:

• INTEREST

interest for explorers during 1904—1906 were the Ruwenzori range and the connexion of the basin of Lake Chad with the Niger and Congo systems . Lieut . See also:

• BOYD, ANDREW KENNEDY HUTCHISON (1825—1899)
• BOYD, ROBERT BOYD, LORD (d. c. 1470)
• BOYD, ZACHARY (1585?-1653)

Boyd See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander was the leader of a party which during the years named surveyed Lake Chad and a considerable part of eastern See also:

• NIGERIA

Nigeria, returning to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England via the Shari, the Ubangi and the Nile . Two members of the party, Capt . Claud Alexander and Capt . G . B .

Gosling, died during the expedition . The Ruwenzori Mountains proved a great source of attraction . See also:

• SIR

Sir H . H . Johnston had in 1900 ascended beyond the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-line to 14,809 ft.; in 1903 Dr . J . J . See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David had reached from the west to a height he believed to exceed 16,000 ft.; and in the same year Capt . T . T . Behrens, of the Anglo-German Uganda boundary commission, fixed the highest summit at 16,619 ft . During 1904—1906 some See also:

• HALF

half-dozen expeditions were at work in the region .

That of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of the Abruzzi was the most successful . In the summer of 1906 the duke or members of his party climbed all the highest peaks, none of which reaches 17,000 ft., and determined the main lines of the watershed . Major See also:

• POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904)
• POWELL, GEORGE (c. 1658-1714)
• POWELL, JOHN WESLEY (1834–1902)
• POWELL, VAVASOR (1617-1670)

Powell-See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton, a British officer who had previously done good work in Abyssinia and British East Africa, spent 1905-1906 in a detailed examination of the Lado See also:

• ENCLAVE (a French word from enclaver, to enclose)

enclave and the country west of Ruwenzori and Albert and Albert Edward lakes . This expedition was specially fruitful in additions to zoological knowledge . Archaeological See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, stimulated by the reports of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856– )
• SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (1818–1885)
• SHAW, LEMUEL (1781–1861)
• SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN (1831– )

Shaw, British consular See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain at See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers in 1719—1731, by James See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce's exploration, 1765-1767, of the ruins in See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary, and by the French See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt in 1798, has been systematically carried out in North Africa since the middle of the 19th century (see EGYPT and AFRICA, See also:

• ROMAN

ROMAN) . In South Africa the first thorough examination of the ruins in See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

Rhodesia was made in 1905, when See also:

• RANDALL, SAMUEL JACKSON (1828-189o)

Randall-Maclver demonstrated that the great See also:

• ZIMBABWE

Zimbabwe and similar buildings were of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval or See also:

• POST

post-medieval origin . (F . R . C.) The eagerness with which the nations of western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe partitioned Africa between them was due, as has been seen, more to the necessities of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce than to See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• HUNGER

hunger . Yet, except in the north and south temperate regions, the commercial intercourse of the continent with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• WORLD

world had been until the closing years of the 19th century of insignificant See also:

• PRO

pro-portions . In addition to slaves, furnished by the continent from the earliest times, a certain amount of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory was ex-ported from the tropical regions, but no other product supplied the material for a flourishing See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with those parts . To their rr Sahara and who on this occasion had. crossed the See also:

• DESERT

desert from See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria and had reached the lake via See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air and See also:

• ZINDER

Zinder .

The last ten years of the 19th century also witnessed many interesting expeditions in east Central Africa . In 1891 Emin Lakes and Pasha, accompanied by Dr F . Stuhlmann, made his mountains way south of Victoria Nyanza to the western Nile ofBqua- lakes, visiting for the first time the southern and tot-1a/ western shores of Albert Edward . Stuhlmann also Africa . Work of inter-See also:

• NATIONAL

national commissions and See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying parties . See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic and European invaders the Africans indeed owed many creature comforts—the introduction of See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• CANE

cane, the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, the See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon and the See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, See also:

• CLOVES

cloves, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and many other See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable products, the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel, the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and other animals—but invaluable to Africa as were these gifts they led to little development of commerce . The continent continued in virtual See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation from the great trade movements of the world, an isolation due not so much to its poverty in Causes of natural resources, as to the special circumstances which isolation . likewise caused so large a part of the continent to remain so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long a terra incognita . The principal drawbacks may be summarized as: (r) the absence of means of communication with the interior; (2) the unhealthiness of the coast-lands; (3) the small productive activity of the natives; (4) the effects of the slave trade in discouraging legitimate commerce . None of these causes is necessarily permanent, that most difficult to remove being the third; the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro races finding the means of existence easy have little incentive to toil . The first See also:

• DRAWBACK

drawback has almost disappeared, and the See also:

• BUILDING

building of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways and the placing of steamers on the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and lakes—a work continually progressing —renders it year by year easier for producer and consumer to come together . As to the second drawback, while the coast-lands in the tropics will always remain comparatively unhealthy, improved sanitation' and the destruction of the malarial See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

mosquito have rendered tolerable to Europeans regions formerly notorious for their deadly See also:

• CLIMATE

climate .

At various periods since the. partition of the continent began, See also:

• UNITED

united See also:

• ACTION

action has been taken by the powers of Europe in the interests of African trade . The See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference of 1884–1885 decreed freedom of See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation and trade on the Congo and the Niger, and the Anglo-Portuguese treaty of 1891 secured like privileges for the Zambezi . The Berlin conference likewise enacted that over a wide area of Central Africa—the conventional basin of the Congo—there should be See also:

• COMPLETE

complete freedom of trade, a freedom which later on was held to be infringed in the Congo See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State and French Congo by the granting to various companies proprietary rights in the disposal of the product of the See also:

• SOIL

soil . More important in their effect on the economic See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the continent than the steps taken to ensure freedom of trade were the See also:

• MEASURES

measures concerted by the powers for the suppression of the slave trade . The British government had for long See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne the greater part of the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of combating the slave trade on the east coast of Africa and in the Indian Ocean, but the changed conditions which resulted from the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of other European powers in Africa induced See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, then See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign secretary, to address, in the autumn of 1888, an invitation to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the Belgians to take the initiative in inviting a conference of the powers at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels to See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert measures for " the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual suppression of the suppres- slave trade on the continent of Africa; and the imslon of mediate closing of all the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external markets which it the slave still supplies." The conference assembled in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November trade . 1859, and on the 2nd of See also:

• JULY

July 18go a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was signed subject to the ratification of the various governments represented, ratification taking place subsequently at different See also:

• DATES

dates, and in the case of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France with certain reservations . The general act began with a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of the means which the powers were of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion might be most effectually adopted for " putting an end to the crimes and devastations engendered by the See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic in African slaves, protecting effectively the aboriginal populations of Africa, and ensuring for that vast continent the benefits of peace and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization." It proceeded to lay down certain rules and regulations of a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical character on the lines suggested . The act covers a wide See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, and includes no fewer than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred separate articles . It established a See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone "between the loth parallel of north See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, and the 22nd parallel of south latitude, and extending westward to the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic and eastward to the Indian Ocean and its dependencies, comprising the islands adjacent to the coast as far as roo nautical See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from the See also:

• SHORE

shore," within which the importation of firearms and See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition was forbidden except in certain specified cases, and within which also the powers undertook either to prohibit altogether the importation and manufacture of spirituous liquors, or to impose duties not below an agreed-on minimum .l An elaborate See also: