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SEPARATE STATES- 43,000 See also:Liberia • See also:Morocco 220,000 See also:Abyssinia 350,000 See also:Total See also:Independent See also:Africa 613,000 Ownership of the See also:African islands . Thus, See also:collecting the totals, the result of the " scramble " has been to See also:divide Africa among the See also:powers as follows:- Sq. m . See also:British Africa . . 2,I01,41I See also:Egyptian Africa 1,600,000 See also:French Africa . 3,866,950 See also:German Africa 910,150 See also:Italian Africa . 200,000 Portuguese Africa 787,500 See also:Spanish Africa 99,800 Belgian Africa 900,000 See also:Turkish Africa 400,000 Independent Africa 613,000 11,458,811 (J . S . K.) VI . EXPLORATION AND SURVEY SINCE 1875 In giving the See also:history of the See also:partition of the See also:continent, the later See also:work of exploration, except where, as in the See also:case of de Brazza's expeditions, it had See also:direct See also:political consequences, has of See also:necessity not been told . The results achieved during and after the See also:period of partition may now be indicated . See also:Stanley's See also:great See also:journey down the See also:Congo in 1875-1876 initiated a new era in African exploration . The See also:numbers of travellers soon became so great that the once marvellous feat of See also:crossing the continent from See also:sea to sea became See also:common . With increased knowledge and much ampler means of communication trans-African travel now presents few difficulties . While d'See also:Anville and other cartographers of the 18th See also:century, by omitting all that was uncertain, had See also:left a great See also:blank on the See also:map, the work accomplished since 1875 has filled it with See also:authentic topographical details . Moreover surveys of high accuracy have been made at several points . As the work of exploration and survey progressed journeys of startling novelty became impossible—See also:save in the. eastern See also:Sahara, where the See also:absence of See also:water and boundless wastes of See also:sand render exploration more difficult, perhaps, than in any other region of the globe . Within their respective See also:spheres of See also:influence each See also:power undertook detailed surveys, and the most solid of the latest accessions to knowledge have resulted from the labours of hard-working colonial officials toiling individually in obscurity . Their work it is impossible here to recognize adequately; the following lines See also:record only the more obvious achievements . The relations of the Congo See also:basin to the neighbouring See also:river systems was brought out by the journeys of many travellers . In 1877 an important expedition was sent out by the Portu- guese See also:government under Serpa See also:Pinto, Brito Capello and Roberto Ivens for the exploration of the interior of See also:Angola . Work In The first named made his way by the See also:head-streams of basin, ongo the Kubango to the upper See also:Zambezi, which he descended to the See also:Victoria Falls, proceeding thence to See also:Pretoria and See also:Durban . Capello and Ivens confined their See also:attention to the See also:south-See also:west Congo basin, where they disproved the existence of See also:Lake Aquilunda, which had figured on the maps of that region since the 16th century . In a later journey (1884-1885) Capello and Ivens crossed the continent from See also:Mossamedes to the mouth of the Zambezi, adding considerably to the knowledge of the border-lands between the upper Congo and the upper Zambezi . More important results were obtained by the German travellers See also:Paul Pogge and See also:Hermann von Wissmann, who (188o-1882) passed through previously unknown regions beyond Muata Yanvo's See also:kingdom, and reached the upper Congo at Nyangwe, whence Wissmann made his way to the See also:east See also:coast . In 1884-1885 a German expedition under Wissmann solved the most important See also:geographical problem See also:relating to the See also:southern Congo basin by descending the See also:Kasai, the largest southern tributary, which, contrary to expectation, proved to unite with the Kwango and other streams before joining the See also:main river . Further additions to the knowledge of the Congo tributaries were made at the same See also:time by the Rev . See also:George Grenfell, a Baptist missionary, who (accompanied in 1885 by K. von See also:Francois) made several voyages in the steamer " See also:Peace," especially up the great See also:Ubangi, ultimately proved to be the See also:lower course of the Welle, discovered in 187o by See also:Schweinfurth . In East as in West Africa operations were started by agents of the Belgian See also:committee, but with less success than on the Congo . The first new journey of importance on this See also:side was made (I$78-1880) on behalf of the British African Ex- Opening ploration Committee by See also:Joseph See also:Thomson, who after the A t See also:death of his See also:leader, See also:Keith See also:Johnston, made his way from the coast to the See also:north end of See also:Nyasa, thence to See also:Tanganyika, on both sides of which he See also:broke new ground, sighting the north end of Lake See also:Rukwa on the east . In 1882-1884 the French See also:naval See also:lieutenant See also:Victor See also:Giraud proceeded by the north of Nyasa to Lake See also:Bangweulu, of which he made the first fairly correct map . North of the See also:Zanzibar-Tanganyika route a large areaof new ground was opened in 1883-1884 by Joseph Thomson, who traversed the whole length of the See also:Masai See also:country to Lake See also:Baringo and Victoria See also:Nyanza, shedding the first clear See also:light on the great East African rift-valley and neighbouring See also:highlands, including Mounts See also:Kenya and See also:Elgon . A great advance in the region between Victoria Nyanza and Abyssinia was made in 1887-1889 by the Austrians, See also:Count See also:Samuel Teleki and Lieut . See also:Ludwig von Hohnel, who discovered the large Basso Norok, now known as Lake See also:Rudolf, till then only vaguely indicated on the map as Samburu . At this time See also:Somaliland was being opened up by See also:English and Italian travellers . In 1883 the See also:brothers F . L. and W .
D
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See also:
Morocco was in 1883-1884 the See also:scene of important explorations by Expedi de Foucauld, a Frenchman who, disguised as a See also:Jew, dons h, crossed and re-crossed the See also:Atlas and supplied the North and first trustworthy See also:information as to the See also:orography of west many parts of the See also:chain
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In 1887-1889 See also: See also:Early in 1900 Lake Chad was also reached by F . Foureau, a French traveller, who had already devoted twelve years to the exploration of the ascended the Ruwenzori range to a height of over 13,000 ft . In-the same year Dr O . Baumann, who had already done See also:good work in Usambara, near the coast, started on a more extended journey through the region of See also:steppes between See also:Kilimanjaro and Victoria Nyanza, afterwards exploring the head-streams of the See also:Kagera, the ultimate See also:sources of the Nile . In the See also:steppe region referred to he discovered two new lakes, Manyara and Eiassi, occupying parts of the East African valley See also:system . This region was again traversed in 1893—1894 by Count von Gotzen, who continued his route westwards to Lake See also:Kivu, north of Tanganyika, which, though heard of by See also:Speke.over See also:thirty years before, had never yet been visited . He also reached for the first time the line of volcanic peaks north of Kivu, one of which he ascended, afterwards crossing the great equatorial forest by a new route to the Congo and the west coast . Valuable scientific work was done in 1893 by Dr J . W . See also:Gregory, who ascended See also:Mount Kenya to a height of 16,000 ft . In 1893—1894 -See also:Scott Elliot reached Ruwenzori by way of See also:Uganda, returning by Tanganyika and Nyasa, and in 1896 C . W . Hobley made the. See also:circuit of the great See also:mountain Elgon, north-east of Victoria Nyanza . In 1899 Mount Kenya was ascended to its See also:summit by a party under H . J . Mackinder . The exploration of Mount Kilimanjaro has been the See also:special work of Dr Hans See also:Meyer, who first directed his attention to it in 1887 . The region south of Abyssinia proper and north of Lake Rudolf, being largely the basin of the See also:Sobat tributary of the Nile, was traversed by several explorers, among whom may be mentioned Capt . M . S . Wellby, who in 1898—1899 explored the chain of small lakes in south-east Abyssinia, pushed on to Lake Rudolf, and thence traversed hitherto unknown country to the lower Sobat . Donaldson Smith crossed from Berbera to the Nile by Lake Rudolf in 1899—1900, and See also:Major H . H . See also:Austin commanded two survey parties between the Anglo-Egyptian See also:Sudan and Lake Rudolf during 1899-1901 . Meantime in south Central Africa the See also:Barotse country had been partly made known by the missionary F . Coillard, who settled there in 1884, while the See also:middle and upper Zambezi basin were scientifically explored and mapped by Major A . St H . See also:Gibbons and his assistants in 1895—1896 and 1898—190o . In the same period the Congo-Zambezi See also:watershed was traced by a Belgian officer, Capt . C . Lemaire, who had ascended one of the upper tributaries of the Kasai . In the early years of the 19th century the first recorded crossing of Africa took See also:place . That crossing and all subsequent crossings had been made either from west to east or east to west . The first journey through the whole length of the continent was accomplished in the two last years of the century when a See also:young Englishman, E . S . Grogan, starting from Cape See also:Town reached the Mediterranean by way of the Zambezi, the central line of lakes and the Nile . Other travellers followed in Grogan's footsteps, among the first, Major Gibbons . Additions to topographical knowledge were made from about 1890 onwards by the See also:international commissions which traced the frontiers of the protectorates of the See also:European powers . On several occasions the labours of the commissions disclosed errors of importance in the maps upon which international agreements had been based . Among those which yielded valuable results were the Anglo-French See also:commission which in 1903 traced the Nigerian frontier from the Niger to Lake Chad, and the Anglo-German commission which in 1903—1904 fixed the Cameroon boundary between See also:Yola, on the Benue, and Lake Chad . These expeditions and French surveys in the same region during 1902—1903 resulted in the discovery that Lake Chad I . 12had greatly decreased in See also:area since the middle of the 19th century . In 1903 a French officer, Capt . E . See also:Lenfant, succeeded in establishing the fact of a connexion between the Niger and Chad basins . Subsequently Lenfant explored the western basin of the Shari, determining (1907) the true upper See also:branch of that river* In East Africa a German-Congolese commission surveyed (1901-1902) Lake Kivu and the volcanic region north of the lake, R . Kandt making a special study of Kivu and the Kagera sources, while the Anglo-German boundary commission of 1902—1.904 surveyed the valley of the lower Kagera, and fixed the exact position of Albert See also:Edward Nyanza . Much new information concerning the border-lands of British East Africa and Abyssinia between Lake Rudolf and the lower Juba was obtained by the survey executed in 1902-1903 by a British officer, See also:Captain P .
Maud
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While political requirements led to : the exact determination of frontiers, administrative needs forced the governments concerned to take in See also:hand the survey of the countries under their See also:protection
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Before the See also:close of the first See also:decade of the 20th century tolerably accurate maps had been made of the German colonies, of a considerable See also:part of West Africa, the Algerian Sahara and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, mainly by military See also:officers
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A British naval officer, See also:Commander B
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Whitehouse, mapped the entire coast-line of Victoria Nyanza
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Government and railway surveys apart; the See also:chief points of See also:interest for explorers during 1904—1906 were the Ruwenzori range and the connexion of the basin of Lake Chad with the Niger and Congo systems
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Lieut
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See also:Boyd See also: Gosling, died during the expedition . The Ruwenzori Mountains proved a great source of attraction . See also:Sir H . H . Johnston had in 1900 ascended beyond the See also:snow-line to 14,809 ft.; in 1903 Dr . J . J . See also:David had reached from the west to a height he believed to exceed 16,000 ft.; and in the same year Capt . T . T . Behrens, of the Anglo-German Uganda boundary commission, fixed the highest summit at 16,619 ft . During 1904—1906 some See also:half-dozen expeditions were at work in the region .
That of the See also:duke of the Abruzzi was the most successful
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In the summer of 1906 the duke or members of his party climbed all the highest peaks, none of which reaches 17,000 ft., and determined the main lines of the watershed
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Major See also:Powell-See also:Cotton, a British officer who had previously done good work in Abyssinia and British East Africa, spent 1905-1906 in a detailed examination of the Lado See also:enclave and the country west of Ruwenzori and Albert and Albert Edward lakes
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This expedition was specially fruitful in additions to zoological knowledge
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Archaeological See also:research, stimulated by the reports of See also: The last ten years of the 19th century also witnessed many interesting expeditions in east Central Africa . In 1891 Emin Lakes and Pasha, accompanied by Dr F . Stuhlmann, made his mountains way south of Victoria Nyanza to the western Nile ofBqua- lakes, visiting for the first time the southern and tot-1a/ western shores of Albert Edward . Stuhlmann also Africa . Work of inter-See also:national commissions and See also:surveying parties . See also:Asiatic and European invaders the Africans indeed owed many creature comforts—the introduction of See also:maize, See also:rice, the See also:sugar See also:cane, the See also:orange, the See also:lemon and the See also:lime, See also:cloves, See also:tobacco and many other See also:vegetable products, the See also:camel, the See also:horse and other animals—but invaluable to Africa as were these gifts they led to little development of commerce . The continent continued in virtual See also:isolation from the great trade movements of the world, an isolation due not so much to its poverty in Causes of natural resources, as to the special circumstances which isolation . likewise caused so large a part of the continent to remain so See also:long a terra incognita . The principal drawbacks may be summarized as: (r) the absence of means of communication with the interior; (2) the unhealthiness of the coast-lands; (3) the small productive activity of the natives; (4) the effects of the slave trade in discouraging legitimate commerce . None of these causes is necessarily permanent, that most difficult to remove being the third; the See also:negro races finding the means of existence easy have little incentive to toil . The first See also:drawback has almost disappeared, and the See also:building of See also:railways and the placing of steamers on the See also:rivers and lakes—a work continually progressing —renders it year by year easier for producer and consumer to come together . As to the second drawback, while the coast-lands in the tropics will always remain comparatively unhealthy, improved sanitation' and the destruction of the malarial See also:mosquito have rendered tolerable to Europeans regions formerly notorious for their deadly See also:climate .
At various periods since the. partition of the continent began, See also:united See also:action has been taken by the powers of Europe in the interests of African trade
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The See also:Berlin See also:conference of 1884–1885 decreed freedom of See also:navigation and trade on the Congo and the Niger, and the Anglo-Portuguese treaty of 1891 secured like privileges for the Zambezi
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The Berlin conference likewise enacted that over a wide area of Central Africa—the conventional basin of the Congo—there should be See also:complete freedom of trade, a freedom which later on was held to be infringed in the Congo See also:State and French Congo by the granting to various companies proprietary rights in the disposal of the product of the See also:soil
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More important in their effect on the economic See also:condition of the continent than the steps taken to ensure freedom of trade were the See also:measures concerted by the powers for the suppression of the slave trade
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The British government had for long See also:borne the greater part of the See also:burden of combating the slave trade on the east coast of Africa and in the Indian Ocean, but the changed conditions which resulted from the See also:appearance of other European powers in Africa induced See also:Lord See also:Salisbury, then See also:foreign secretary, to address, in the autumn of 1888, an invitation to the See also: |