THE See also:

• THE SEPTUAGINT (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

SEPTUAGINT (Gr. of 0', See also:

• LAT

Lat. LXX.)  , or the " Alexandrian version of the Old Testament," so named from the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of its See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition by seventy (See also:

• LAT

Lat. septuaginta), or more exactly seventy-two, translators . In the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter of See also:

• ARISTEAS

Aristeas to Philocrates 1 this legend is recounted as follows: See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius of Phalerum, keeper of the Alexandrian library, proposed to See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy II . Philadelphus (285–247 B.c.) to have a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Jewish See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law made for the library . The king consented and, after releasing 1oo,000 Jewish captives in his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, sent an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich presents to the high See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest Eleazar at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem asking him to send six See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient, worthy and learned men from each of the twelve tribes to translate the law for him at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria . Eleazar readily sent the seventy-two men with a See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious 1 Edited by H . St J . See also:

• THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863)

Thackeray in H . B . Swete's Introd. to the Old Testament in Greek (1900), and by P . Wendland in the Teubner See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series (1900) . See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll of the law . They were honourably received at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Alexandria and conducted to the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island (Pharos), that they might See also:

• WORK

work undisturbed and isolated .

When they had come to an agreement upon a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section Demetrius wrote down their version; the whole translation was finished in seventy-two days . The Jewish community of Alexandria was allowed to have a copy, and accepted the version officially; indeed a curse was laid upon the introduction of any changes in it . There is no question that this Letter (which is condensed in See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus, See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. xii . 2) is See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious.' Aristeas, an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official at Ptolemy's court, is represented as a See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen, but the real writer must have been a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew and no heathen . Aristeas is represented as himself a member of the embassy to Eleazar; but the author of the Letter cannot have been a contemporary of the events he records, else he would have known that Demetrius See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell out of favour at the very beginning of the reign of Philadelphus, on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of intriguing against his See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne.2 Nor could a genuine honest See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness have fallen into the absurd See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake of making delegates from Jerusalem the authors of the Alexandrian version . There are also one or two passages (§§ 28, 182) where the author seems to forget that he is playing the role of Aristeas . The See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery, however, seems to be an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early one.3 " There is not a court-See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, an institution, a law, a magistracy, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, a technical See also:

• TERM

term, a See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula, a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar phrase in this letter which is not found on papyri or See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and confirmed by them."' That in itself would not necessarily imply a very early date for the piece; but what is decisive is that the author limits canonicity to the law and knows of no other See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• BOOK

book already translated into Greek . Nor does he claim any See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration for the translators . Further, what he tells about See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea and Jerusalem is throughout applicable to the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period when the See also:

• PTOLEMIES

Ptolemies See also:

• BORE

bore sway there and gives not the slightest See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of the immense changes that followed the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine by the Seleucids . It is probable that the Jewish philosopher See also:

• ARISTOBULUS

Aristobulus, who lived under Ptolemy VI . Philometor (180—145 B.C.), derived his See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the origin of the LXX. from this Letter, with which it corresponds.' There seems See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good ground for believing that the letter contains some elements derived from actual tradition as to the origin of the LXX . Ptolemy Philadelphus was a king of eclectic See also:

• LITERARY

literary tastes, and the welcome he gave to a Buddhist See also:

• MISSION

mission from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India might well have been extended to See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews from Palestine .

The letter See also:

• LAYS

lays See also:

• GREAT

great stress on the point that the LXX. is the official and authoritative See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible of the Hellenistic Jews, having not only been formally accepted by the See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue at Alexandria, but authorized by the authorities at Jerusalem . This, and the fact that the, See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the version is not that of a book intended for literary use, points to the conclusion that the translation was made to satisfy the religious needs of the Jews in Alexandria, and possibly also in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of gaining proselytes . In view of the Jewish See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice against See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing Scripture in any but the old holy See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form (the See also:

• TARGUM

Targum, for instance, was for centuries handed down orally), it is quite possible that some impulse to the Alexandrian version came from without . Philadelphus may have encouraged it both to satisfy his own curiosity and to promote the use of Greek among the large Jewish See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . That the work is purely Jewish in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character is ' Its claims were demolished by See also:

• HUMPHRY, OZIAS (1742-1810)

Humphry See also:

• HODY, HUMPHREY (1659-1707)

Hody, Regius See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor of Greek at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, in 1684 . 2 See also:

• HERMIPPUS

Hermippus Callimachius, ap . Diog . Laert. v . 78 . See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus indeed, evidently following some other account, fixes the translation in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Ptolemy I . 3 P . Wendland, however, puts it after the Maccabean See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (say 96 B.c.) and before the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman invasion of Palestine (63 Inc.) .

6G . Lumbroso, Recherches sur fecon. poi. de l'Egypte sous See also:

• LES

les Lagides (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1876), p. xiii . Clem . Alex . Strom. i. p . 342, ed . Sylb . ; See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, Praep . Ev. ix . 6, p . 410 seq . ; cf .

Valckenaer, Diatribe de Aristobulo (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, ,8o6), reprinted in See also:

• GAISFORD, THOMAS (1779-1855)

Gaisford's edition of the Praep . Ev . One must not over-look the possibility that Aristobulus's See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

Interpretation of the Holy See also:

• LAWS

Laws may itself be the pseudonymous work of some otherwise unknown Jewish author . It and the Letter of Aristeas seem to be of the same date, if not even by the same See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . And See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo (Vita Mosis, ii . § 7, ii . 141) describes an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual festival held at Pharos in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the origin of the Greek Bible.only what was inevitable in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . The translators were necessarily Jews, though See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian and not Palestinian Jews, and were necessarily and entirely guided by the living tradition which had its See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus in the synagogal lessons.6 And hence it is easily understood that the version was ignored by the Greeks, who must have found it barbarous and largely unintelligible, but obtained speedy See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance with the Jews, first in private use and at length also in the synagogue service . The next See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence which we have as to the origin of the LXX. is the See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue to See also:

• ECCLESIASTICUS (abbreviated to Ecclus.)

Ecclesiasticus, from which it appears that about 130 B.C. not only the law but "the prophets and the other books " were extant in Greek ? With this it agrees that the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of Ecclesiasticus and the other ancient See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of Jewish . Greek literature, preserved in the extracts made by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Polyhistor (Eusebius, Praep . Ev. ix.), all show acquaintance with the LXX.8 The experiment on the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch (of which alone Aristeas speaks) had evidently been extended to other rolls as they arrived from Jerusalem .

These later See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations were not made simply to meet the needs of the synagogue, but See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express a literary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement among the Hellenistic Jews, stimulated by the favourable reception given to the Greek Pentateuch, which enabled the translators to See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count on finding an interested public . If a translation was well received by See also:

• READING

reading circles among the Jews, it gradually acquired public See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment and was finally used also in the synagogue, so far as lessons from other books than the Pentateuch were used at all . But originally the translations were See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere private enterprises, as appears from the prologue to Ecclesiasticus and the See also:

• COLOPHON

colophon to See also:

• ESTHER

Esther . It appears also that it was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the whole See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint was finished and treated as a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete work . We may See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant that the Pentateuch (and perhaps See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua) was translated in the 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . The other books followed, generally speaking, in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in which they occur in the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• CANON

Canon . See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah perhaps See also:

• DATES

dates from c . 8o, See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah, See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel and the Twelve Prophets, as also 1 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings (=1 See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel), c . 150 . Most of the " Writings," together with See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges and 2-4 Kings, were probably translated in the 1st century B.c., while See also:

• ECCLESIASTES (Heb. n5np, Kohelet, "Koheleth "; Sept. EKKarlveamrils; Jerome concionator)

Ecclesiastes and See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel (the latter incorporated from Theodotion) date only from the 2nd century of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . As the work of translation went on so gradually, and new books were always added to the collection, the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass of the Greek Bible came to be somewhat indefinite . The law always maintained its pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence as the basis of the canon; but the prophetic collection changed' its aspect by having various Hagiographa incorporated with it according to an arbitrary arrangement by subjects .

The distinction made in Palestine between Hagiographa and Apocrypha was never properly established among the Hellenists . In some books the translators took the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of making considerable additions to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, e.g. those to Daniel, and these additions became a part of the Septuagint . Nevertheless, learned Hellenists were quite well aware of the limits of the canon and respected them . Philo can be shown to have known the Apocrypha, but he never cites them, much less allegorizes them or uses them in See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his tenets . And in some measure the widening of the Old Testament canon in the Septuagint must be laid to the account of Christians . The vocabulary and See also:

• ACCIDENCE (a mis-spelling of " accidents," from the Latin neuter plural accidentia, casual events)

accidence of the Greek of the Septuagint are substantially those of the KOLV1] SL XOCTOS or Hellenistic Greek spoken throughout the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of Alexander . The See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the Pentateuch attains the higher level shown by the papyri of the early Ptolemaic age, that of the prophets reflects the less literary style of the papyri of c . 13o–100 B.c . In the latest parts of the translation Mr St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Thackeray notes two opposing influences, (a) the growing reverence for the letter of Scripture, tending to a pedantic literalism, (b) the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Atticistic school, strongest in See also:

• FREE

free writings like 4 See also:

• MACCABEES
• MACCABEES, BOOKS OF

Maccabees but leaving, its See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark also on 4 Kings . But if in some respects the Septuagint is the great See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of the Kolv$, in 6 It is quite likely that they worked on rolls newly brought from Jerusalem . There was no See also:

• DESIRE

desire to found an Alexandrian canon or type of text . 7 This does not necessarily mean that the whole of the section of the Hebrew Old Testament known as " The Writings " was trans- lated by that date .

3 Philo seems to have known the Greek version of most of the Old Testament except Esther . Ecclesiastes . See also:

• CANTICLES

Canticles and Daniel century A.D . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief uncial See also:

• MSS

MSS. are, as for the New Testament K, A, B, C and others . Of these A and B are largely complete, but though both of Egyptian origin vary considerably . A (with which the quotations in the New Testament generally agree) may represent the edition of See also:

• HESYCHIUS

Hesychius; B, which is often, especially in the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms, in See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord with the Bohairic version, resembles the text used by See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen in the See also:

• HEXAPLA (Gr. for " sixfold ")

Hexapla . Of versions the Bohairic (See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt), the Sahidic (Upper Egypt), the various See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac translations (unfortunately we have no Old Syriac for the Old Testament), and the Latin (Old Latin and See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate, especially the former) are the most important . The evidence of the Fathers is valuable as helping to distinguish See also:

• LOCAL

local types of text . The testimony of the earliest patristic quotations seems to be in favour of A rather than B . The immediate aim of textual See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism is a recovery of the three See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, those of Origen, See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian and Hesychius, and then of the pre-Origenian LXX. text, which lies behind them all . When this has been accomplished there still remains the problem of the relation of the LXX. to the Hebrew . There is no doubt that the Hebrew text from which the LXX. translators worked was often divergent from that represented by the Massoretic .

For the Pentateuch we have additional material in the Samaritan version, but here the variants are least . In view of the palpable mistakes made by the Septuagint translators and their often inadequate knowledge of Hebrew, we must not hastily assume that in cases of difference the Greek is to be preferred . The book of Ecclesiasticus (the Hebrew of which has recently been discovered) furnishes a useful See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson here . Yet there is no doubt that much (e.g. in i Samuel) may be learned from the Septuagint; all one can say is that each case must be treated on its own merits . EDIrioNs.—The Septuagint was first printed in the Complutensian Polyglot (1514–1517), but before it was published in 1521 Aldus published another edition in 1519 . The Textus Receptus issued by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus V . (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1587) was based mainly on See also:

• COD

Cod . Vaticanus (B) with some collection of the See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice MS . (V) . This edition was the basis of the great work of R . See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes and J . See also:

• PARSONS
• PARSONS (or PERSONS), ROBERT (1546-161o)
• PARSONS, THEOPHILUS (1750-1813)

Parsons (Oxford, 1798–1827), who furnished the Sixtine text with an apparatus (not always accurate) See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from 20 See also:

• UNCIALS

uncials and nearly 28o minuscule MSS., in addition to versions .

In 1707–1720 See also:

• GRABE, JOHN ERNEST (1666-1711)

Grabe had published an edition based on Cod . Alexandrinus (A) . C . See also:

• TISCHENDORF, LOBEGOTT FRIEDRICH KONSTANTIN VON (1815-1874)

Tischendorf's text (1850; 7th ed., 1887) was a revision of that of Holmes and Parsons with an apparatus drawn from the chief uncials . H . B . Swete's edition in 3 vols . (1887–1894; revised 1895–1899) gives the text of B, and, where this fails, that of A or K, with variant readings from the chief uncials . The larger See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge edition, begun in 1906 by A . E . See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

Brooke and N . McLean, follows the same See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan with the text, but its apparatus includes all the uncials, the best and most representative See also:

• MINUSCULES

minuscules, and the chief versions and patristic quotations .