SEQUOIA  , a genus of conifers, allied to Taxodium and See also:

• CRYPTOMERIA, or JAPANESE CEDAR

Cryptomeria, forming one of several surviving links between the firs and the cypresses . The two See also:

• SPECIES

species are See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen trees of large See also:

• SIZE

size, indigenous to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . Both See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear their See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round or ovoid male catkins at the ends of the slenderterminal branchlets; the ovoid cones, either terminal or on See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short lateral twigs, have thick woody scales dilated at the extremity, with a broad disk depressed in the centre and usually furnished with a short spine; at the See also:

• BASE

base of the scales are from three to seven ovules, which become reversed or partially so by See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression, ripening into small angular See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed with a narrow wing-like expansion . The redwood of the Californian woodsmen, S. sempervirens, on which the genus was originally founded by See also:

• STEPHAN, HEINRICH VON (1831-1897)

Stephan Endlicher, abounds on the Pacific coast from the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• OREGON

Oregon southward to about 12 M. See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Punta Gorda, See also:

• MONTEREY

Monterey See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, forming a narrow See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• FOREST

forest See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt, rarely extending more than 20 or 3o m. from the coast or beyond the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of ocean fogs, or more than 3000 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level (see C . S . See also:

• SARGENT, JOHN SINGER (1856– )

Sargent, See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

Silva of North America, vol. x.) . It grows to a gigantic size, from 200 to 300 ft. or more in height, with a See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of from 12 to 15, or rarely 20 to 28 ft. at the much- Sequoia sempervirens—a, See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

Branch with See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green cones and male catkins; b, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

Section of See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone; c, See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

Scale of cone . All slightly reduced . buttressed base . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Sargent refers to it as the tallest See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, which probably occasionally reaches 400 ft. or more in height . In old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age the huge columnar See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk rises to a See also:

• GREAT

great height See also:

• BARE

bare of boughs, while on the upper See also:

• PART

part the branches are short and irregular . The bark is red, like that of the Scots See also:

• FIR

fir, deeply furrowed, with the ridges often much curved and See also:

• TWISTED

twisted .

When See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young the tree is one of the most graceful of. the conifers: the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem rises straight and tapering, with somewhat irregular whorls of drooping branches, the See also:

• LOWER

lower ones sweeping the ground—giving an elegant conical outline . The twigs are densely clothed with See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat spreading linear leaves of a See also:

• FINE

fine glossy green above and See also:

• GLAUCOUS (Gr. yAavK6s, bright, gleaming)

glaucous beneath; in the old trees they become shorter and more rigid and partly lose their distichous See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit . The cones, from to 1 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, are at first of a bluish-green See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, but when mature See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change to a reddish See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown; the scales are very small at the base, dilating into a broad thick See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, with a short curved spine below the deep transverse depression . From the great size of the trunk and the even See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain of the red See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar-like See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood it is a valuable tree to the See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer and See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter: it splits readily and evenly, and planes and polishes well; cut radially, the medullary plates give the wood a fine satiny lustre; it is strong and durable, but not so elastic as many of the western pines and firs . Professor Sargent describes it as the most valuable See also:

• TIMBER

timber tree of the forests of Pacific North America . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the tree grows well in warm situations, but suffers much in severe winters—its graceful See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form rendering it ornamental in the See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park or See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, where it sometimes grows 30 or 40 ft. in height; its success as a timber tree would be doubtful . In the eastern parts of the See also:

• UNITED

United States it does not flourish . It was discovered by See also:

• ARCHIBALD, 5TH EARL OF DOUGLAS (c. 1391–1439)

Archibald Menzies in 1795 and was first described as Taxodium sempervirens, under which name it was known until distinguished by Stephan Endlicher as a new genus in 1847 . The only other member of the genus is the See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant tree of the Sierra See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada, S. gigantea, the largest of known conifers; it is confined to the western portion of the great Californian range for a length of about 26o m., at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of from 5000 to 8400 ft. above the sea, and forms extensive forests, or, in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the See also:

• AREA

area, isolated groves, such as the Calaveras See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

Grove, the Mariposa Grove, and others . The leaves of this species are See also:

• AWL (0. Eng. ael; at one time spelt nawl by a confusion with the indefinite article before it)

awl-shaped, short and rigid, with pointed See also:

• APEX

apex; closely adpressed, they completely See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the branchlets . The male catkins are small, solitary, and are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne at the ends of the twigs; the cones are from ri to 3 in. long, ovoid, with scales thicker at the base than those of the redwood, and bearing below the depression a slender prickle . The young tree is more formal and rigid in growth than S. sempervirens, but when old the outline of the head becomes cylindrical, with short branches sparsely clad with foliage sprays .

The bark, of nearly the same tint as that of the redwood, is extremely thick and is channelled towards the base with See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical furrows; at the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root the ridges often stand out in See also:

• BUTTRESS (from the O. Fr. bouteret, that which bears a thrust, from bouter, to push, cf. Eng. " butt " and " abutment ")

buttress-like projections . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average height is about 275 ft. with a diameter near the ground of 20 ft.; but specimens from 300 to 320 ft. tall, with trunks 25-35 ft. thick, are not rare . The famous See also:

• GROUP

group known as the See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

Mammoth Grove of Calaveras in California, containing above ninety large trees, stands in 38° N., about 4370 ft. above the sea, between the See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio and See also:

• STANISLAUS

Stanislaus See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . It was discovered by a See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

hunter named Dowd in pursuit of a bear in 1852, but had been visited before by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Bidwill, who crossed the Sierra in 1841 . Some trees in the Mariposa Grove See also:

• RIVAL

rival these in size: one See also:

• MEASURES

measures ror ft. round the root, and a cut stump is 31 ft. in diameter . Gigantic as these trees are and imposing from their vast columnar trunks, they have little beauty, owing to the scanty foliage of the short rounded boughs; some of the trees stand very See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close together; they are said to be about four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred in number . The age of the trees has been greatly overestimated . A few years ago a full-sized tree was felled in See also:

• FRESNO

Fresno county, California, and contiguous transverse sections have been set up, one in the Museum of Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History at New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, the other (upper one) in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum of Natural History at South See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington; the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rings of the latter section have been carefully counted and found to indicate an age of 1335 years . The growth of the " mammoth tree " is fast when young, but old trees increase with extreme slowness . The timber is not of great value, but the heartwood is dense and of deeper colour than that of S. sempervirens, varying from brownish red to very deep brown; oiled and varnished, it has been used in See also:

• CABINET

cabinet See also:

• WORK

work . S. gigantea was brought to England by Lobb in 1853, and received from Dr See also:

• LINDLEY, JOHN (1799-1865)
• LINDLEY, NATHANIEL LINDLEY, BARON (1828- )
• LINDLEY, WILLIAM (1808–1900)

Lindley the name of Wellingtonia, by which it is still popularly known, though its See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity to the redwood is too marked to admit of generic distinction . In America it is sometimes called Washingtonia .

In the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic States it does not succeed; and, though nearly See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, it is planted only as an See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament of the See also:

• LAWN

lawn or paddock . In See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological times the sequoias occupied a far more important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the vegetation of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . They occur in the Lower See also:

• CHALK

Chalk formations, and in See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary times were widely diffused ; the genus is represented in the See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene See also:

• FLORA

flora of Great Britain, and in the succeeding See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was widely distributed in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and western See also:

• ASIA

Asia . It is presumed that in the Glacial See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch the genus was exterminated except in the areas in western North America where it still persists .