SERENADE (from Ital. serenata,

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• LAT

Lat.

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• SERENUS
• SERENUS, SAMMONICUS

serenus,

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• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright; the

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• ITALIAN

Italian

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• TERM

term being applied, partly by confusion with serus,

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• LATE

late, and partly through the use of Serena—cf. Gr. ve?i7vri—as an epithet for the

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• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, to a

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• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of courting

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• MUSIC

music played at

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• NIGHT

night in the  open air; whence also the synonym Notturno), in music; a term classically applied to a light kind of symphony, more rarely a piece of chamber music, in a light sonata style with several extra movements, and in a few cases (as in the two serenades of Beethoven) not containing any fully developed examples of first-movement form . The divertimento is a similar composition., more often for chamber music, and frequently on a scale altogether too small for the sonata style to show itself, though some examples by Mozart (e.g. those for strings and two horns) are very large . The cassation is a smaller composition, beginning (like Beethoven's serenade op . 8) with a march . The classics of the serenade forms are among the works of Mozart and Haydn . Mozart's larger and later serenades, from the " Haffner " serenade onwards, are among his most delightful and voluminous lighter instrumental works . His two serenades for eight wind instruments are more serious, and that in C minor (which he afterwards arranged as a string quintet) is a majestic work in four normal movements, which Mozart probably called a serenade only because he did not find the term octet then in common use . The typical scheme of a large serenade or divertimento differs from that of a symphony only in having six movements instead of four, the additions being another slow movement and minuet or scherzo . Beethoven's septet and Schubert's octet are on this plan, and are just as much serenades as Mozart's " Haffner " serenade, which is (not counting introductions) in eight movements with a kind of violin concerto in the middle . The six-movement scheme (though without the serenade style) was adopted by Beethoven in one of the profoundest and most serious works in all music, the string quartet in B flat, Op . 130 . Brahms's first essays in symphonic form took the shape of two orchestral serenades, of which the first was originally sketched for a large group of solo instruments .

If it had finally taken that form Brahms would have called it a divertimento . Other applications of the term in music are merely

literary . Even its use, from the 17th century onwards, for a kind of operetta was clearly no more than a natural allusion to the notion of serenades as addressed at night by minstrels to ladies and by clients to patrons . (D . F .