See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

SERMON (See also:

• LAT

Lat. sermo, a discourse)  , an oration delivered from a See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit with fullness and rhetorical effect . See also:

• PASCAL, BLAISE (1623-1662)
• PASCAL, JACQUELINE (1625-T661)

Pascal, than whom ' Usually a See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow, See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, See also:

• DAGGER

dagger or other small thing belonging to See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . M=V . 22,no greater authority can be desired, defines a See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon as a religious address, in which the word of See also:

• GOD

God is stated and explained, and in which an See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience is excited to the practice of virtue . This may be so extended as to include a discourse in favour of pure morality, though, even in that See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, the morals are founded on See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, and even the sermon which the See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox preaches in La See also:

• FONTAINE, PIERRE FRANCOIS LEONARD (1762-1853)

Fontaine's Fables is a See also:

• PARODY (Gr. s-apybia, literally a song sung beside, a comic parallel)

parody of a Christian discourse . The Latin sermons of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, of which 384 are extant, have been taken as their See also:

• MODELS

models by all sensible subsequent divines, for it was he who rejected the formal arrangement of the divisions of his theme, and insisted that simplicity and familiarity of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style were not incompatible with dignity and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . His See also:

• OBJECT

object was not to dazzle by a conformity with the artificial rules of See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory, but to move the soul of the listener by a See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to his See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience . His adage was Qui sophistice loquitur odibilis est, and his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence has been exercised ever since in warning the Christian orator against artificiality and in urging upon him the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of awakening the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart . Nevertheless, on many occasions, See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion has led the preachers of a particular See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch to develop rules for the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of sermons, the value of which is more than doubtful . See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Siffrein, who is known as the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe See also:

• MAURY, LOUIS FERDINAND ALFRED (1817–1892)
• MAURY, MATTHEW FONTAINE (1806-1873)

Maury (1746-1817), resumed all the known artifices of sermon-style in a See also:

• VOLUME

volume which has a permanent See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical value, the well-known Essai sur l'eloquence de la See also:

• CHAISE (the French for " chair," through a transference from a "sedan-chair" to a wheeled vehicle)

chaise (1810); he was himself rather a fiery politician than a persuasive divine . Maury describes all the divisions of which a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good sermon should consist—an exordium, a proposition, a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, a See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation in two or more points, a peroration; and he holds that a sermon on morals should have but two points, while one on the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion must have three . These are effects of pedantry, and seem rather to be founded on a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold-blooded See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of celebrated sermons than on any instinctive sense of the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the preacher .

We may wish to see in a good sermon, what See also:

• BOSSUET, JAQUES BENIGNE (1627-1704)

Bossuet recommended, not the result of slow and tedious study, but the flush of a See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial fervour . See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire makes an interesting observation on the technical difference between an See also:

• ENGLISH

English and a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French sermon in the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; the former, he says, is a solid and somewhat dry dissertation which the preacher reads to the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation without a gesture and without any inflection of his See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice; the latter is a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long declamation, scrupulously divided into three points, and recited by heart with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . Among the earliest examples of pulpit oratory which have been preserved in English literature, the discourses of Wycliffe and his disciples may be passed by, to arrive at the English sermons of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher (1469?-1535), which have a distinct See also:

• LITERARY

literary value . But See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• LATIMER, HUGH (c. 1490-1555)

Latimer (1485?-1555) is the first See also:

• GREAT

great English preacher, and the wit and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of his sermons (1549) give them prominence in our literature . One of the expository discourses of John See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox (1505-1572), we are told, was of more power to awaken his hearers than a blast from " five See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred trumpets." When we come to Elizabethan times, we possess a few examples of the sermons of the " judicious " See also:

• HOOKER, JOSEPH (1814–1879)
• HOOKER, RICHARD (1553-1600)
• HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON (1817— English botanist and traveller, second son of the famous botanist Sir W.J.Hooker, was born on the 3oth of June 1817, at Halesworth, Suffolk. He was educated at Glasgow University, and almost immediately after taking his M.
• HOOKER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON (1785–1865)
• HOOKER, THOMAS (1586–1647)

Hooker (1554-1600) ; See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (1550-1591) was styled " the See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime preacher of the nation "; and See also:

• LANCELOT (Lancelot du Lac, or Lancelot of the Lake)

Lancelot See also:

• ANDREWES, LANCELOT (1555-1626)

Andrewes (1555-1626), whose sermons were posthumously printed at the command of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. in 1628, dazzled his contemporaries by the brilliancy of his See also:

• EUPHEMISM (from Gr. eiiidirl sos, having a sound of good omen; et)

euphemism; Andrewes was called " the See also:

• STAR

star of preachers." At a slightly later date John See also:

• DONNE, JOHN (1573–1631)

Donne (1573-1621) and See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall (1574-1656) divided the suffrages of the pious . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 17th century the sermon became one of the most highly-cultivated forms of intellectual entertainment in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and when the theatres were closed at the See also:

• COMMON

Common-See also:

• WEALTH

wealth it See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew to be the only public See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of eloquence . It is impossible to name all the eminent preachers of this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, but a few must be mentioned . John See also:

• HALES, JOHN (1584-1656)
• HALES, or HAYLES, JOHN (d. 1571)
• HALES, STEPHEN (1677-1761)

Hales (1584-1656); See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• CALAMY, EDMUND
• CALAMY, EDMUND (1671-1732)

Calamy (1600-1666) ; the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge Platonist, See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• WHICHCOTE (or WHITCHCOTE), BENJAMIN

Whichcote (1609-1685); See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BAXTER, ANDREW (1686-1750)
• BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691)
• BAXTER, ROBERT DUDLEY (1827-1875)
• BAXTER, WILLIAM (1650-1723)

Baxter (1615-1691); the puritan John See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen (1616-1683); the philosophical See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph See also:

• CUDWORTH, RALPH (1617-1688)

Cudworth (1617-1688); See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• LEIGHTON, FREDERICK LEIGHTON, BARON (183o–1896)
• LEIGHTON, ROBERT (161x—1684)

Leighton (1611-1684)—each of these holds an eminent position in the records of pulpit eloquence, but all were outshone by the gorgeous oratory and See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• JEREMY, EPISTLE OF

Jeremy See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor (1613-1667), who is the most illustrious II writer of sermons whom the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• RACE

race has produced . His matchless collection of discourses delivered at See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

Grove, The Eniautos, was published in 1653–1655 . The See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault of the 17th-century sermon was a tendency, less prominent in Jeremy Taylor than in any other writer, to dazzle the audience by a display of false learning and by a violence in imagery; the great merit of its literary form was the fullness of its vocabulary and the richness and See also:

• MELODY (Gr. ,ueXw3ia, a choral song, from name, tune, and gi6i, song)

melody of style which adorned it at its best . Some of the most remarkable divines of this great See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, however, are scarcely to be mentioned as successful writers of sermons . At the Restoration, pulpit oratory in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England became drier, less picturesque and more sententious .

The great names at this period were those of See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow (1630–1677); See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South (1634–1716), celebrated for his wit in the pulpit; John See also:

• TILLOTSON, JOHN (1630-1694)

Tillotson (1630-1694), the See also:

• COPYRIGHT

copyright of whose sermons fetched the enormous sum of 2500 guineas after his See also:

• DEATH

death, and of whom it was said that he was " not only the best preacher of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, but seemed to have brought See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching to perfection "; and See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Stilling-See also:

• FLEET

fleet (1635–1699), styled, for his See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in the pulpit, " the beauty of holiness." These preachers of the Restoration were controversialists, keen, moderate and unenthusiastic . These qualities were accentuated in the 18th century, when for a while religious oratory ceased to have any literary value . The sermons of Benjamin See also:

• HOADLY, BENJAMIN (1676-1761)

Hoadly (1676–1761) have a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• HISTORY

history, and those of Joseph See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler (1692–1752), the Rolls Sermons of 1726, have great philosophical importance . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston's (1676–1732) memory has been revived by the praise of See also:

• STEVENSON, ADLA1 EWING (1835- )
• STEVENSON, ROBERT (1772-1850)
• STEVENSON, ROBERT LEWIS BALFOUR (1850-1894)

Stevenson, but his zeal was far exceeded by that of John See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley (1703–1791), who preached 40,000 sermons, and by that of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• WHITEFIELD,

Whitefield (1714-1770) . Of all countries, however, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France is the one which has shown most brightly in the .cultivation of the sermon . In the 14th century See also:

• GERSON, JOHN (1363—1429)

Gerson (1363–1429) seems to have been the earliest divine who composed and preached in French, but his example was not followed by any See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of equal See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . It was the popular See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, which made the sermon a piece of literature, on the lips of See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin (1509–1564), See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Viret (1511–1571) and See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore de Beze (1519–1605) . With these stern See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant discourses may be contrasted the beautiful, but somewhat euphuistical sermons of St See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois de Sales (16o5–1622), full of mystical imagery . See also:

• FATHER

Father See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude de Lingendes (1591–166o) has been looked upon as the father of the classic French sermon, although his own conciones were invariably written in Latin, but his methods were adopted in French, by the school of See also:

• BOURDALOUE, LOUIS (1632-1704)

Bourdaloue and Bossuet . In the great See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble religious eloquence delivered from French pulpits during the 17th century, the first place is certainly held by the sermons of J . B . Bossuet (1627–1704), who remains perhaps the greatest preacher whom the See also:

• WORLD

world has ever seen .

His six Oraisons Funebres, the latest of which was delivered in 1687, form the most majestic existing type of this See also:

• SPECIES

species of literature . Around that of Bossuet were collected other noble names: See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Bourdaloue (1632–1704), whom his contemporaries preferred to Bossuet himself; Esprit Flechier (1632–1710), the politest preacher who ever occupied a Parisian pulpit; and Jules See also:

• MASCARON, JULES (1634-1703)

Mascaron (1634–1703), in whom all forms of eloquence were See also:

• UNITED

united . A See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation later appeared See also:

• BAPTISTE

Baptiste See also:

• MASSILLON
• MASSILLON, JEAN BAPTISTE (1663-1742)

Massillon (1663–1742), who was to Bossuet as See also:

• RACINE
• RACINE, JEAN (1639-1699)
• RACINE, LOUIS (1692-1763)

Racine to See also:

• CORNEILLE, PIERRE (1606–1684)
• CORNEILLE, THOMAS (1625-1709)

Corneille; and Jacques Saurin (1677–1730), whose evangelical sermons were delivered at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague . These are the great classic preachers whose discourses continue to be read, and to form an inherent See also:

• PART

part of the body of French literature . There was some revival of the art of the sermon at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles a century later, where the Abbe Maury, whose See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• WORK

work has been mentioned above, preached with vivid eloquence between 1770 and 1785; the Pere Elisee (1726–1783), whom See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot and Mme See also:

• ROLAND
• ROLAND, LEGEND OF

Roland greatly admired, held a similar place, at the same time, in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . Since the end of the 18th century, although a great number of volumes of sermons have been and continue to be published, and although the pulpit holds its own in Protestant and See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic countries alike, for purposes of exhortation and encouragement, it cannot be said that the sermon has in_any way extended its influence as a formof pure literature . It has, in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, been greatly shortened, and the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary sermon of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day is no longer an elaborate piece of carefully balanced and ornamental literary See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, but a very See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and brief See also:

• HOMILY

homily, not occupying the listener for more than some ten minutes in the course of an elaborate service . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, the great preachers of the middle ages were See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans, such as See also:

• BROTHER

Brother See also:

• BERTOLD (1442–1504)

Bertold of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg (1220-1272), or See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans, such as Johann See also:

• TAULER, JOHANN (c. 1300—1361)

Tauler (r 290–1361), who prea!bhed in Latin . The great period of See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular preaching lasted from the beginning of the 16th to the end of the 17th century . See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther was the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient type of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Reformation preacher, and he was succeeded by the mystic Johann See also:

• ARNDT, ERNST MORITZ (1769-1860)
• ARNDT, JOHANN (1555-1621)

Arndt (1555–1621); the Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church produced in See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna the See also:

• ECCENTRIC (from Gr. F,c, out of, and Kivrpov, centre)

eccentric and almost See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque oratory of See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham a See also:

• SANTA

Santa See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara (1642–1709) . The last of the great See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German preachers of this school was P . J .

Spener, the founder of the Pietists (1635–1705) . Among the best authorities on the history of the sermon are Abbe Maury: Essai sur l'eloquence de la chaire (2 vols., Paris, 181o) ; See also:

• ROTHE, RICHARD (1799-1867)

Rothe, Geschichte der Predigt (See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, 1881) . (E .