SERPENTINE  , a See also:

• MINERAL

mineral which, in a massive and impure See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, occurs on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale as a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, and being commonly of variegated See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, is often cut and polished, like See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, for use as a decorative See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . It is generally held that the name was suggested by the fancied resemblance of the dark mottled See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green stone to the skin of a See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent, but it may possibly refer to some reputed virtue of the stone as a cure for snake-bite . Serpentine was probably, at least in See also:

• PART

part, the XiOoc o irns of Dioscorides and the See also:

• OPHITES, or OPIMMANS (Gr. oOrs, Heb. r , " snake ")

ophites of See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny; and this name appears in a latinized form as the serpentaria of G . See also:

• AGRICOLA (originally SCHNEIDER, then SCHNITTER), JOHANNES (1494-1566)
• AGRICOLA (the Latinized form of the name BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)
• AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH LUDWIG (1667-1719)
• AGRICOLA, GNAEUS JULIUS (A.D. 37-93)
• AGRICOLA, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1720-1774)
• AGRICOLA, MARTIN (c. 1500-1556)
• AGRICOLA, RODOLPHUS (properly ROELOF HUYSMANN) (1443-1485)

Agricola, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in . the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and as the lapis serpentinus and naarmor serpentinum of other See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early writers . See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian sculptors have sometimes termed it ranochia in allusion to its resemblance to the skin of a See also:

• FROG

frog . Although popularly called a " marble," serpentine is essentially different from any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, in that it is a See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium silicate, associated however, with more or less ferrous silicate . Analyses show that the mineral contains H4Mg3Si2O9, and if the See also:

• WATER

water be regarded as constitutional the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula may be written Mg2(SiO4)2H3(MgOH) . Serpentine occurs massive, fibrous, lamellar or granular, but never crystallized . See also:

• FINE

Fine pseudomorphs having the form of See also:

• OLIVINE

olivine, but the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of serpentine, are known from Snarum in Buskerud, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, the crystals revealing their See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character by containing an occasional See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original mineral . The alteration of rocks See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in olivine has given rise to much of the serpentine occurring as rock-masses . (see See also:

• PERI, JACOPO (1561–16 ?)

PERI-ooTITE) . Studied microscopically, the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change is seen to proceed from the See also:

• SURFACE

surface and from the irregular cracks of the. olivine, producing See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres of serpentine .

The See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron of the olivine passes more or less completely into the ferric See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, giving rise to grains of See also:

• MAGNETITE

magnetite, which form a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black dust, and may ultimately yield scales of See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite or See also:

• LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE

limonite . Considerable increase of See also:

• VOLUME

volume generally accompanies serpentinization, and thus are produced fissures which afford passage for the agents of alteration, resulting in the formation of an irregular mesh-like structure, formed of strings of serpentine enclosing kernels of olivine in the meshes, and this olivine may itself ultimately become serpentinized . Serpentine may also be formed by the alteration of other nonaluminous ferro-magnesian silicates such as See also:

• ENSTATITE

enstatite, See also:

• AUGITE

augite or See also:

• HORNBLENDE

hornblende, and in such cases it may show microscopically, a characteristic structure related to the cleavage of the, original mineral, notably See also:

• LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic

lozenge-shaped in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of hornblende . Many interesting pseudomorphs of serpentine were described by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor J . D . See also:

• DANA, CHARLES ANDERSON (1819–'897)
• DANA, FRANCIS (1743-1811)
• DANA, JAMES DWIGHT (1813-1895)

Dana from the See also:

• TILLY, JOHANN TZERCLAES, COUNT OF (1559-1632)

Tilly See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

Foster iron-mine, near See also:

• BREWSTER, SIR DAVID (1781–1868)
• BREWSTER, WILLIAM (c. 1566–1644)

Brewster, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, U.S.A., including some remarkable specimens with cubic cleavage . The purest kind of serpentine, known as " See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble serpentine," is generally of See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale greenish or yellow colour, slightly translucent, and breaking with a rather See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright conchoidal fracture . It occurs chiefly in granular limestone, and is often accompanied by forsterite, olivine or chondrodite . The hardness of serpentine is between 3 and 4, while the specific gravity varies from 2.5 to 2.65 . A green serpentine of the exceptional hardness of 6, ,-a—B= T formerly regarded as See also:

• JADE
• JADE, or JAHDE

jade, is known as bowenite, having been named by J . D . Dana after G .

T . See also:

• BOWEN, CHARLES SYNGE CHRISTOPHER BOWEN, BARON (1835—1894)
• BOWEN, FRANCIS (1811—1890)
• BOWEN, SIR GEORGE FERGUSON (1821—1849)

Bowen . The original bowenite came from Smithfield, Rhode See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, U.S.A., and a similar mineral was described by See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General C . A . McMahon as occurring in See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, where it is carved for ornamental purposes in the belief that it is jade (q.v.) . Many See also:

• COMMON

common carvings regarded as jade are really serpentine, and therefore soft . Serpentine of columnar or coarsely fibrous form is termed picrolite, a name proposed by J . F . L . See also:

• HAUSMANN, JOHANN FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1782-1859)

Hausmann from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek rtapos (See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter) in allusion to the presence of See also:

• MAGNESIA

magnesia . The finely fibrous serpentine is called chrysotile from the lustrous yellowish colour which it usually presents (xpva6s, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold; -riXos, fibre) and this variety is extensively worked, especially in See also:

• CANADA

Canada, for use as See also:

• ASBESTOS

asbestos (q.v.) . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to avoid confusion between the words chrysotile and See also:

• CHRYSOLITE

chrysolite, it has been proposed by Dr J .

W . See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans that the fibrous serpentine should be distinguished as karystiolite—a modification of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient name, taken from its occurrence near Karystos in See also:

• EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language)

Euboea . Foliated serpentine is usually termed marmolite—a name given by G . T . See also:

• NUTTALL, THOMAS (1786-1859)

Nuttall, from uspsaipw (to glisten) in reference to its lustre . A thin lamellar or flaky serpentine supposed to occur in the Antigorio valley See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Domodossola in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont is called antigorite, having been named in 184o by M . E . Schweizer, after whom a somewhat similar mineral is termed schweizerite . Antigorite has been studied by Professor T . G . See also:

• BONNEY, THOMAS GEORGE (1833— )

Bonney and See also:

• MISS

Miss C . See also:

• RAISIN (Fr. raisin, grape; Lat. racemes)

Raisin (Quart .

Journ . Geol . See also:

• SOC

Soc., lxi., 1905, p . 690; lxiv., 19o8, p . 152) . An See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple-green translucent serpentine passes under the name of williamsite, having been so called by C . U . Shepard in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of its discoverer L . See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams, of See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, where this variety occurs . " Common serpentine " is the impure massive kind which occurs in rock-masses and is extensively worked as " serpentine-marble." It is sometimes veined with steatite, or See also:

• MAGNESITE

magnesite, and may contain scattered crystals of See also:

• DIALLAGE

diallage, See also:

• BRONZITE

bronzite or bastite (an altered rhombic See also:

• PYROXENE

pyroxene), which by schillerization may See also:

• PRESENT

present a metallic lustre . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief localities of serpentine are in See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, especially in the See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

Lizard See also:

• DISTRICT

district, where it is quarried and carved into mantelpieces, columns, vases and other ornaments . Much of it presents a rich red or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown colour, often mottled and sometimes veined .

Professor Bonney has shown that it has been largely derived from olivine . Green serpentine occurs near See also:

• HOLYHEAD (Caergybi, the fort of Cybi, the saint mentioned by Matthew Arnold as meeting St Seiriol of Penm6n, Anglesey)

Holyhead in See also:

• ANGLESEY, ARTHUR ANNESLEY
• ANGLESEY, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET
• ANGLESEY, or ANGLESEA

Anglesey . A beautiful serpentine, generally mottled red and green, with See also:

• VEINS

veins of steatite, is found at Portsoy in See also:

• BANFFSHIRE

Banffshire, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and was used for pillars in the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles . Serpentine containing See also:

• CHROMITE

chromite is found in the See also:

• SHETLAND, or ZETLAND

Shetland Islands . The rock called " ophicalcite " consists of an intimate association of serpentine with limestone, often forming an ornamental stone which is beautifully clouded and zoned with various shades of green . It generally results from the See also:

• METAMORPHISM (Gr. ise-rci, change of, and liop¢i, shape)

metamorphism of an impure dolomitic limestone, the impurities having crystallized as new minerals which become altered to serpentine . Pseudo-morphs of serpentine occur after forsterite . The best known serpentinous marble of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles occurs in See also:

• CONNEMARA

Connemara in See also:

• GALWAY

Galway, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and passes in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade under the name of " Irish green." Ophicalcites are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed also in various parts of Scotland, and the green pebbles found in See also:

• IONA

Iona belong to this type of rock . The famous eozoonal marble of Canada is also of similar character . In See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony common serpentine is largely worked at Zoblitz near See also:

• MARIENBERG

Marienberg and Waldheim . The rock of Zoblitz, mentioned by G . Agricola in the 16th century, is usually of dull green or brown colour, and frequently contains dark red Bohemian See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet or See also:

• PYROPE (pronounced pirop)

pyrope (q.v.) .

It was used in the See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert at See also:

• FROGMORE

Frogmore, See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor, and in See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln's See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument at See also:

• SPRINGFIELD

Springfield, See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois, U.S.A . See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy is rich in serpentine, the best-known being the verde di See also:

• PRATO

Prato, which has been quarried for centuries at Monteferrato near Prato in See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, and has been largely used in ecclesiastical See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, Prato and Pistoja . Much serpentine is found near See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa and Levanto . The verde di Pegli comes from Pegli not far from Genoa, while the verde di Genova is a brecciated serpentinouslimestone from Pietra Lavezzara . Serpentine occurs also at many localities in the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines, in See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba and in See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica . The See also:

• TERM

term ophiolite has been vaguely used to include not only serpentines but many other rocks associated with the Italian serpentines . Verde. antico is a brecciated serpentine with fragments of limestone, originally brought by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans from Atrax in See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly, and called lapis atracius . It is sometimes known as See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique, or, following the old See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, verd antique . The term serpentine is often improperly applied to the ancient green See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry of See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

Laconia in the See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus (porfido serpentino verde) . True serpentine occurs at numerous localities in the See also:

• ALPS

Alps and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, an elegant variety being quarried at Epinal in the See also:

• VOSGES
• VOSGES (Lat. Vogesus or Vosagus, Ger. Wasgau or Vogesen)

Vosges, whilst a fine ophicalcite is worked at St Veran and Maurins, dep . Hautes-Alpes . The See also:

• RONDA

Ronda Mountains in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain also yield serpentine .

In North See also:

• AMERICA

America serpentine is so widely distributed that only a few localities can be specified . It is found in St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex county and See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren county, New York, and also on Staten Island; at Montville and See also:

• HOBOKEN

Hoboken in New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey; at See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport, Rhode Island; at See also:

• NEWBURY

Newbury and See also:

• NEWBURYPORT

Newburyport, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts; See also:

• TEXAS

Texas, See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster county, and West Chester, Chester county, Pennsylvania; at many localities in See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont, and in See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut, See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, See also:

• MARYLAND

Maryland, See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan, New See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, North Carolina and See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington . For See also:

• AMERICAN

American serpentine see Stones for See also:

• BUILDING

Building and Decoration, by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George P . See also:

• MERRILL

Merrill (New York, 1903) ; and for serpentine asbestos see the same author's Non-metallic Minerals (New York, 1904) . (F . W . R.*) SERPENT-See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

WORSHIP . From all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world there is a very considerable See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for the prominence of the serpent in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology and folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore . Snake- i. prove. worship still prevails largely in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and a writer ante in in 1896 remarks that the previous See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census showed in varying the North-West Provinces over 25,000 Naga (serpent) f0"'B• worshippers, 123,000 votaries of the snake-See also:

• GOD

god Guga, and, in the See also:

• PUNJAB

Punjab, some 35,000 See also:

• SPECIAL

special votaries of the snake godlings.1 The evidence from See also:

• MODERN

modern India can be supplemented by the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval and ancient See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• SOURCES

sources, and, in particular, by the representations of the See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration of snake-deities on the Buddhist topes of See also:

• SANCHI

Sanchi and See also:

• AMRAVATI, or AMARAVATI

Amravati ? There we find, not indeed living serpents, but deities with serpent-symbolism, indicating a composition of various strata of religious belief, analogous to the evidence for serpent-symbolism from Babylonia, See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, See also:

• GREECE

Greece or See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru; for the higher religions have almost invariably retained in their See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual and belief, sometimes with only slight modification, cruder conceptions which can still be studied in less elevated form among the See also:

• LOWER

lower races of India, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa or America . The result is instructive when we turn to the numerous serpent myths and legends from the Old World and the New, to the stray notices in old writers, or to the fragmentary scraps of popular superstition everywhere . Modern scientific See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research has vividly illustrated, the stereotyped nature of the human mind; there is a general similarity in the effect of similar phenomena upon See also:

• PEOPLE

people at a similar See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of See also:

• MENTAL

mental growth; there is an almost inherent or unconscious belief which has been transmitted through the countless ages of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's See also:

• HISTORY

history .

At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, apart from the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of religious and other conceptions there are the more incidental and artificial influences which have shaped them . Hence, our evidence for serpent-cults everywhere represents varying stages in the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical development of a few related fundamental ideas which are psychologically explicable; and it is impossible to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the subject geographically or historically . It is most useful, perhaps, to survey some of the general features of belief as an introduction to the more complex inquiries which involve a See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of other subjects over a larger See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . 1 See W . Crooke, The Popular Religion and Folk-lore of See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern India (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896), ii . 122 . 2 See the elaborately illustrated See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson, See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

Tree and Serpent Worship, or Illustrations of Mythology and See also:

• ART

Art in India (2nd ed., London, 1873) ; also M . Winternitz, der Sarpabali, ein altindischer Schlangen-cult," in Milted. d. anthrop . Gesell. of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, xviii . (1888), pp . 25-52, 250-264 . Both give abundant See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information on the various features of serpent-cults .

Haunting buildings and famous ruins, gliding around pools, walls and trees, mysteriously disappearing below ground, the serpent and all its kind invariably arrested See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention through its uncanny distinctiveness from See also:

• BIRD

bird or beast . Its gliding See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion suggested the winding See also:

• RIVER

river . Biting its tail it symbolized the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth surrounded by the world-river . Its patient watchfulness, the See also:

• FASCINATION (from Lat. fascinare, to bewitch, probably connected with the Or. f3ao-Kaiveev, to speak ill of, to bewitch)

fascination it exerted over its victims, the easy domestication of some See also:

• SPECIES

species, and the deadliness of other's have always impressed See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive minds . Its See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift and deadly dart was likened to the See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning; equally marvellous seemed its fatal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . It is little wonder that men who could tame and handle the See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles gained esteem and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . Sometimes the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LIFE

life of the serpent and its See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of changing the skin suggested ideas of See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality and resurrection, and it is noteworthy that one Indian snake-festival occurs after or at the sloughing, when the sacred being is thus supposed to become purified.' A very common belief associates serpents or dragons and other monsters with the guardianship of treasure or See also:

• WEALTH

wealth; comp., e.g., 2 . See- the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden apples of the See also:

• HESPERIDES

Hesperides, and the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian penis' gods Kneph and See also:

• OSIRIS

Osiris, and the Indian See also:

• KRISHNA (the Dark One)

Krishna and wealth and See also:

• INDRA

Indra . Serpents adorned with necklaces of jewels See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom. or with crowns were See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar in old superstition, and the serpent with a See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

ruby in its mouth was a favourite love-token . Many stories tell of the grateful reptile which brought valuable gifts to a benefactor . According to a common Indian belief a wealthy man who See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies without an See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir returns to guard his wealth in the form of a serpent, and Italian superstition supposed that to find a serpent's skin brought See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• LUCK

luck (See also:

• LELAND (LEYLAND Or LAYLONDE), JOHN (c. 1506-1552)
• LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903)
• LELAND, JOHN (1691–1766)

Leland).' No singular preference for jewels on the part of serpents will explain the belief, and creatures like the See also:

• JACKDAW

jackdaw which have this weakness do not enjoy this prominence in folk-lore . A rationalistic explanation might be found in the connexion between the chthonic serpent and subterranean sources of wealth' Moreover, the serpent is often associated with metallurgy, and to serpent deities have been ascribed the working of metals, See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem-cutting and indeed culture in general .

The Aztec Quetzal-See also:

• COATI

coati taught metallurgy and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, gave abundance of See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, also wisdom and freedom from disease . The Babylonian See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

Ea, who sometimes has serpent attributes, introduced—like the American serpent Votan—knowledge and culture . The See also:

• HALF

half-serpent See also:

• CADMUS

Cadmus brought knowledge of mines, agriculture, and the " Cadmean " letters, while See also:

• CECROPS (Ke,cpo,ti)

Cecrops inculcated See also:

• LAWS

laws and ways of life and was the first to establish monogamy . Although the reptile is not particularly intelligent, it has become famed for shrewdness and wisdom, whether in the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden of See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden (Gen. iii . 1; 2 See also:

• COR

Cor . Xi . 3) or generally (cf . Matt. x . 16) . The Ophites (q.v.) actually identified the serpent with See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia (" Wisdom "); the old See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage Garga, one of the fathers of Indian See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, owed his learning to the serpent-god Sesha Naga; and the Phoenician -4pwv 'O4iwv wrote the seven tablets of See also:

• FATE

fate which were guarded by See also:

• HARMONIA

Harmonia 4 Not only is the serpent connected with oracles, the beneficent See also:

• AGATHODAEMON

agathodaemon of See also:

• PHOENICIA

Phoenicia also symbolized immortality . In Babylonian myth a serpent, apparently in a well or See also:

• POOL

pool, deprived Gilgamesh of the plant which rejuvenated old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and if it was the rightful See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of the wonderful See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift, one is reminded of the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, now reshaped in Gen. iii., where the supernatural serpent is clearly acquainted with the properties of the tree of life.' Fergusson, p . 259 .

Perhaps the sloughing more than any other feature stimulated primitive See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation; cf . Winternitz, p . 28 . 2 See Crooke, ii . I and 33 sqq . ; C . G . Leland, See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Remains, p . 283; Winternitz 37 se q.; A . W . See also:

• BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TREVELYAN (1826–188o)
• BUCKLAND, WILLIAM (1784–1856)

Buckland, Anthropological Studies (1891), pp . 104-139 (on serpents in connexion with metallurgy and See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones) .

3 Excavators know how the popular mind associates their labours with See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for hidden treasure, and no doubt the wealth of dead civilizations often stimulated the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination of subsequent generations . A gruesome Indian story (Crooke, ii . 136) shows how old treasure-See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers could actually See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour enormous and deadly See also:

• SNAKES

snakes . See also:

• NONNUS (Egyptian for " saint ")

Nonnus (See also:

• DION

Dion. xli . 340 sqq.), cited by W . W . G . Baudissin, See also:

• STUD

Stud. z . Relig.-Gesch . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1876), i . 274 seq . (pp .

255-292, Semitic serpent-cult) . See, for Garga, C . F . See also:

• OLDHAM
• OLDHAM, JOHN (1653–1683)
• OLDHAM, THOMAS (1816–1878)

Oldham, The See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

Sun and the Serpent (London, 1905), p . 54; and, for the serpent's wisdom, F . L .. Schwartz, Ursprung der Mythologie (186o), pp . 55 seq.; J . Maehly, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Schlange See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Mythus u . Cultus d. class . Volker (1867), pp . 9 seq., II, 23 seq .

See H . Gressmann, Archie f . Religionswissenschaft, x . 357 sqq . A Babylonian See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder represents two figures (divine?) on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of a See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-tree, and behind one of them a serpent coils upwards . Serpents were supposed to know of a See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root which brought back their dead to life, and an old Greek story told how certain mortals took the hint.' In one form or another the healing See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the serpent are very familiar in 3 . ``1e1 See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend and See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom . Siegfried bathed in the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of heats m healing . the See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon he slew and thus became invulnerable ; the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius recovered his sight when a grateful serpent laid a precious stone upon his eyes; Cadmus and his wife were turned into serpents to cure human ills . " In 1899 a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court in Larnaca, See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus, awarded 080 . (See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish) as See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages for the loss of a snake's See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn which had been See also: