Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

SULPICIUS SEVERUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 727 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

SULPICIUS See also:

SEVERUS (c. 363–c. 425)  , See also:Christian writer, was a native of Aquitania . He was imbued with the culture of his See also:time and of his -See also:country, which was then the only true See also:home of Latin letters and learning . Almost all that we know of See also:Severus' See also:life comes from a few allusions in his own writings, and some passages in the letters of his friend See also:Paulinus, See also:bishop of See also:Nola . In his See also:early days he was famous as a pleader, and his knowledge of See also:Roman See also:law is reflected in parts of his writings . He married a wealthy See also:lady belonging to a consular See also:family, who died See also:young, leaving him no See also:children . At this time Severus'came under the powerful See also:influence of St See also:Martin, bishopof See also:Tours, by whom he was led to devote his See also:wealth to the Christian poor, and his own See also:powers to a life of See also:good See also:works and meditation . To use the words of his friend Paulinus, he See also:broke with his See also:father, followed See also:Christ, and set the teachings of the " fishermen " far above all his " Tullian learning." He See also:rose to no higher See also:rank in the See also:church than that of See also:presbyter . He is said to have been led away in his old See also:age by Pelagianism, but to have repented and inflicted See also:long-enduring See also:penance on himself . His time was passed chiefly in the neighbourhood of See also:Toulouse, and such See also:literary efforts as he permitted to himself were made in the interests of See also:Christianity . In many respects no two men could be more unlike than Severus, the See also:scholar and orator, well versed in the ways of the See also:world, and Martin, the rough Pannonian bishop, ignorant, suspicious of culture, See also:champion of the monastic life, seer and worker of miracles . Yet the spirit of the rugged See also:saint subdued that of the polished scholar, and the works of Severus are only important because they reflect the ideas, influence and aspirations of Martin, the foremost ecclesiastic of See also:Gaul . The See also:chief See also:work of Severus is the Chronica (c .

403), a See also:

summary of sacred See also:history from the beginning of the world to his own times, with the omission of the events recorded in the Gospels and the Acts, " lest the See also:form of his brief work should detract from the See also:honour due to those events." The See also:book was a See also:text-book, and was used as such in the See also:schools of See also:Europe for about a See also:century and a See also:half after the editio princeps was published by See also:Flacius Illyricus in 1556 . Severus nowhere clearly points to the class of readers for whom his book is designed . He disclaims the intention of making his work a substitute for the actual narrative contained in the See also:Bible . " Worldly historians " had been used by him, he says, to make clear the See also:dates and the connexion of events and for supplementing the sacred See also:sources, and with the See also:intent at once to instruct the unlearned and to " convince " the learned . Probably the " unlearned are the See also:mass of Christians and the learned are the cultivated Christians and pagans alike, to whom the See also:rude See also:language of the sacred texts, whether in See also:Greek or Latin, would be distasteful . The literary structure of the narrative shows that Severus had in his mind principally readers on the same level of culture with himself . He was anxious to show that sacred history might be presented in a form which lovers of See also:Sallust and See also:Tacitus could appreciate and enjoy . The See also:style is lucid and almost classical . Though phrases and even sentences from many classical authors are inwoven here and there, the narrative flows easily, with no trace of the jolts and jerks which offend us in almost every See also:line of an imitator of the See also:classics like Sidonius . It is See also:free from useless digressions . In See also:order that his work might fairly stand beside that of the old Latin writers, Severus ignored the allegorical methods of interpreting sacred history to which the heretics and the orthodox of his age were wedded . As an authority for times antecedent to his own, Severus is of little moment .

At only a few points does he enable:us to correct or supplement other records . See also:

Bernays has shown that he based his narrative of the destruction of See also:Jerusalem by See also:Titus on the See also:account given by Tacitus in his " Histories," a portion of which has been lost . We are enabled thus to contrast Tacitus with See also:Josephus, who warped his narrative to do honour to Titus . In his allusions to the See also:Gentile rulers with whom the See also:Jews came into contact from the time of the See also:Maccabees onwards, Severus discloses some points which are not without importance . But the real See also:interest of his work lies, first, in the incidental glimpses it affords all through of the history of his own time; next and more particularly, in the See also:information he has pre-served concerning the struggle over the Priscillianist See also:heresy, which disorganized and degraded the churches of See also:Spain and Gaul, and particularly affected See also:Aquitaine . The sympathies here betrayed by Severus are wholly those of St Martin . The bishop had withstood See also:Maximus, who ruled for some years a large See also:part of the western portion of the See also:empire, though he never conquered See also:Italy . He had reproached him with attacking and overthrowing his predecessors on the See also:throne, and for his dealings with the church . Severus loses no opportunity for laying stress on the crimes and follies of rulers, and on their See also:cruelty, though he once declares that, cruel as rulers could be, priests could be crueller still . This last statement has reference to the bishops who had See also:left Maximus no See also:peace till he had stained his hands with the See also:blood of See also:Priscillian and his followers . Martin, too, had denounced the worldliness and greed of the Gaulish bishops and See also:clergy . Accordingly we find that Severus, in narrating the See also:division of See also:Canaan among the tribes, calls the See also:special See also:attention of ecclesiastics to the fact that no portion of the See also:land was assigned to the tribe of See also:Levi, lest they should be hindered in their service of See also:God .

Phoenix-squares

" Our clergy seem,' he says, " not merely forgetful of the See also:

lesson but ignorant of it, such a See also:passion for possessions has in our days fastened like a pestilence on their souls." We here catch a glimpse of the circumstances which were winning over good men to See also:monasticism in the See also:West, though the See also:evidence of an enthusiastic votary of the solitary life, such as Severus was, is probably not free from exaggeration . Severus also fully sympathized with the See also:action of St Martin touching Priscillianism . This mysterious Western offshoot of See also:Gnosticism had no single feature about it which could See also:president of the first See also:convention which met in Jonesboro on. the 23rd of See also:August, and opposed the erection of a new See also:state, but when the state of See also:Frankland (afterwards See also:Franklin, in honour of See also:Benjamin Franklin) was organized in See also:March 1785, he became its first and only See also:governor (1785-1788), and as such led his riflemen against the See also:Indians; in May '788, after the end of his See also:term, men in his command massacred several Indians from a friendly See also:village, and thus provoked a See also:war in which See also:Sevier again showed his ability as an See also:Indian fighter . He was arrested by the See also:North Carolina authorities, partly as a See also:leader of the See also:independent See also:government and partly for the Indian See also:massacre, but escaped . About this time he attempted to make an See also:alliance with Spain on behalf of the state of Franklin . In 1789 he was a member of the North Carolina See also:Senate, and in 1790-1791 of the See also:National See also:House of Representatives . After the final cession of its western territory by North Carolina to the See also:United States in 1790 he was appointed brigadier-See also:general of See also:militia for the eastern See also:district of the " Territory See also:South of the See also:Ohio "; and conducted the Etowah See also:campaign against the- Creeks and Cherokees in 1793 . When See also:Tennessee was admitted into the See also:Union as a state, Sevier became its first governor (1796-1801) and was governor again in 1803-1809 . He was again a member of the National House of Representatives in 1811-1815, and then was See also:commissioner to determine the boundary of See also:Creek lands in See also:Georgia . He died near Fort See also:Decatur, Georgia, on the 24th of See also:September 1815 . See J . R .

See also:

Gilmore, The See also:Rear-Guard of the Revolution (New See also:York, 1886), and See also:John Sevier as a See also:Commonwealth Builder (New York, 1887) ; errors in Gilmore's books are pointed out in See also:Theodore See also:Roosevelt's The Winning of the West (New York, 1894-1896) . soften the hostility of a See also:character such as Martins, but he resisted the introduction of See also:secular See also:punishment for evil See also:doctrine, and with-See also:drew from communion with those bishops in Gaul, a large See also:majority, who invoked the aid of Maximus against their erring brethren . In this connexion it is interesting to See also:note the account given by Severus of the See also:synod held at See also:Rimini in 359, where the question arose whether the bishops attending the See also:assembly might lawfully receive See also:money from the imperial See also:treasury to recoup their travelling and other expenses . Severus evidently approves the action of the See also:British and Gaulish bishops, who deemed it unbecoming that they should See also:lie under pecuniary See also:obligation to the See also:emperor . His ideal of the church required that it should stand clear and above the state . After the Chronica the chief work of Severus is his Life of Martin, a contribution to popular Christian literature which did much to establish the See also:great reputation which that wonder-working saint maintained throughout the See also:middle ages . The book is not properly a See also:biography, but a See also:catalogue of miracles, told in all the simplicity of See also:absolute belief . The See also:power to work miraculous signs is assumed to be in See also:direct proportion to holiness, and is by Severus valued merely as an evidence of holiness, which he is persuaded can only be attained through a life of See also:isolation from the world . In the first of his Dialogues (See also:fair See also:models of See also:Cicero), Severus puts into the mouth of an interlocutor (Posthumianus) a pleasing description of the life of coenobites and solitaries in the deserts bordering on See also:Egypt . The See also:main evidence of the virtue attained by them lies in the voluntary subjection to them of the See also:savage beasts among which they lived . But Severus was no indiscriminating adherent of monasticism . The same See also:dialogue shows him to be alive to its dangers and defects .

The second dialogue is a large appendix to the Life of Martin, and really supplies more in-formation of his life as bishop and of his views than the work which bears the See also:

title Vita S . See also:Martini . The two dialogues occasionally make interesting references to personages of the See also:epoch . In See also:Dial . 1, cc . 6, 7, we have a vivid picture of the controversies which raged at See also:Alexandria over the works of See also:Origen . The See also:judgment of Severus himself is no doubt that which he puts in the mouth of his interlocutor Posthumianus: " I am astonished that one and the same See also:man could have so far differed from himself that in the approved portion of his works he has no equal since the apostles, while in that portion for which he is justly blamed it is proved that no man has committed more unseemly errors." Three Epistles on the See also:death of Martin (ad Eusebium, ad Aurelium diaconum, ad Bassulam) See also:complete the See also:list of Severus' genuine works . Other letters (to his See also:sister), on the love of God and the renunciation of the world, have not survived .

End of Article: SULPICIUS SEVERUS (c. 363–c. 425)
[back]
SEVERUS
[next]
SEVERY (probably connected with the English word" s...

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click and select "copy." Paste it into a website, email, or other HTML document.