See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, See also:

• LAT

Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville, and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia, on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• GUADALQUIVIR (ancient Baetis, Moorish Wadi al Kebir, "the Great River ")

Guadalquivir, 54 M. from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean, and 355 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.S.W. of See also:

• MADRID

Madrid . Pop . (1900) 148,315 . Seville is an archiepiscopal see, a See also:

• PORT

port with many thriving See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, and in See also:

• SIZE

size the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth city in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, ranking after Madrid, See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona and See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia . Its See also:

• HISTORY

history; and its treasures of See also:

• ART

art and See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture render it one of the most interesting places in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It is built in a level alluvial See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, as productive as a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . Few parts of the city are more than 3o ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, and owing to the frequency of floods an elaborate See also:

• SYSTEM

system of defences against the Guadalquivir and its affluents the Guadaira, Tamarguillo and Tagarete, was undertaken in 1904 . This entailed the construction (spread over many years) of dykes, walls and See also:

• SURFACE

surface drains, the raising of certain streets and railway embankments and the diversion of the See also:

• LOWER

lower Tagarete along a new channel leading into the Tamarguillo . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is pleasant at all seasons except in summer, when a shade temperature of 116° Fahr. has been recorded . See also:

• WATER

Water is provided by a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• COMPANY

company, and a smaller quantity is obtained from See also:

• CARMONA

Carmona, but the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is inadequate . On the right or western bank of the river is the suburb of the Triana, inhabited to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent by See also:

• GIPSIES, or GYPSIES

gipsies . Seville retains its Moorish See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in the older quarters, although their narrow and tortuous alleys are lighted by See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity, and traversed, wherever they afford See also:

• ROOM

room, by electric tramways .

In the more See also:

• MODERN

modern districts there are broad avenues and boulevards, the chief of which is the beautiful Paseo de los Delicias, along the river and below the city . The animated and picturesque See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street-See also:

• LIFE

life of Seville has often been painted and described, or even, as in See also:

• MOZART, WOLFGANG AMADEUS1 (1756–1791)

Mozart's See also:

• FIGARO

Figaro and See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Giovanni, See also:

• ROSSINI, GIOACHINO ANTONIO (1792-1868)

Rossini's Barbiere di Siviglia and Bizet's Carmen, set to See also:

• MUSIC

music . The townsfolk, and the peasants who have come to See also:

• TOWN

town for See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-fights, fairs or See also:

• CARNIVAL (Med. Lat. carnelevarium, from taro, tarns, flesh, and levare, to lighten or put aside; the derivation from valere, to say farewell, is unsupported)

carnival, have preserved many of the curious old customs which tend to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die out in the other large cities of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; they continue to See also:

• WEAR

wear the vivid costumes which suit the sunny climate of Andalusia; and their own gaiety, wit and See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of manner are proverbial . Nowhere in Spain are the great See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church festivals celebrated with so much splendour; See also:

• EASTER

Easter at Seville is especially famous, and at this See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season the city is usually crowded with foreigners . The stately reserve and formality of Madrid society are almost as unknown here as the feverish industrialism and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion of Barcelona or Valencia; See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty, See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour and See also:

• LIGHT

light-hearted See also:

• HEDONISM (Gr. i bovit, pleasure, from ?) (s, sweet, pleasant)

hedonism have always been characteristic of Seville . See also:

• PRINCIPAL

Principal Buildings.—The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, dedicated to See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria de la Sede, is the largest church in the See also:

• WORLD

world, after St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and the Mezquita at See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, being 414 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 271 ft. wide and 10o ft. high to the roof of the See also:

• NAVE

nave . The See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west front is approached by a high See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of steps, and the See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform on which the cathedral stands is surrounded by a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred shafts of columns from the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque which formerly occupied the site . The See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• BUILDING

building began in 1402 and was finished in 1519, so that the one See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of Spanish See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic is fairly preserved throughout the interior, however much the exterior is spoiled by later additions . Unfortunately the west front remained unfinished until 1827, when the central See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway was completed in a very inferior manner; but this has been renewed in a purer style . The See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• RELIEF

relief above it representing the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

Assumption was added in 1885 . At the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east end are two Gothic doorways with good See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture in the tympana; and on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the Puerta del Perdon, as it is called, has some exquisite detail over the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch, and a pair of fine See also:

• BRONZE

bronze doors . The gateway in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• FACADE

facade, designed by Casanova, See also:

• DATES

dates from 1887 .

The interior forms a parallelogram containing a nave and four aisles with surrounding chapels, a centre See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome, 121 ft. high, and at the east end a royal sepulchral See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, which was an addition of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two immense clustered columns, the See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor (1787-1795) and the seventy-four windows filled with painted See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, mostly by Flemish artists of the 16th century, produce an unsurpassed effect of magnificence . The See also:

• REREDOS (Anglo-Fr. areredos, from arere, behind, and dos, back)

reredos is an enormous Gothic work containing See also:

• FORTY

forty-four panels of gilt and coloured See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood carvings begun by the See also:

• FLEMING, PAUL (1609-1640)
• FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431)
• FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD (1827- )
• FLEMING, SIR THOMAS (1S44-1613)

Fleming Dancart in 1479 and completed by Spanish artists in 1526; the See also:

• SILVER

silver statue of the Virgin is by Francisco Alfaro (1596) . The See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop's See also:

• THRONE

throne and the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir-stalls (1475-1548) are fine pieces of See also:

• CARVING

carving, and amongst the notable See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal-work are the railings (1519), by Sancho Nuiioz, and the See also:

• LECTERN (through 0. Fr. leitrun, from Late Lat. lectrum, or leclrinnna, legere, to read; the French equivalent is lutrin; Ital. leggio; Ger. Lesepult)

lectern by Bartolome See also:

• MOREL

Morel of the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The bronze See also:

• CANDELABRUM (from Lat. candela, a taper or candle)

candelabrum for See also:

• TENEBRAE (Lat. for " shadows," " darkness ")

tenebrae, 25 ft. in height, is a splendid work by B . More (1562) . In the Sacristia Alta is a silver repousse reliquary presented by See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise in the 13th century; and in the Sacristia See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

Mayor, which is a good plateresque addition made in 1535 from designs by Diego de Riaiio (d . 1532), there is a magnificent collection of church See also:

• PLATE

plate and See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments, including the famous silver See also:

• MONSTRANCE (through the French from Lat. monstrare, to show)

monstrance (1580-1587), I2 ft. high, by ppan de Arfe (Arphe) . At the west end of the nave is the See also:

• GRAVE

grave of erdinand, the son of See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, and at the east end in the royal chapel (1514-1566) lies the See also:

• BODY

body of St See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile (1200-1252), which is exposed three times in the See also:

• YEAR

year . This chapel akin contains the tombs of Alphonso the Wise (1252-1284) and Pedro I . (1350-1369) and a curious life-size See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of the Virgin, which was presented to St Ferdinand by St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in the 13th century . It is in carved wood with movable arms, seated on a silver throne and with See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair of spun See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold .

The chief pictures in the cathedral are the " See also:

• GUARDIAN

Guardian See also:

• ANGEL

Angel," the " St See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony," and other See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• MURILLO, BARTOLOME ESTEBAN (1617-1682)

Murillo; the " See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• FAMILY

Family " of Alfonso See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel de Tobar (1678-1738) ; the " Nativity " and " La Generacion " of Luis de Vargas; See also:

• VALDES, JUAN DE (c. 1500-1541)

Valdes Leal's "See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage of the Virgin," and Guadelupe's "Descent from the See also:

• CROSS

Cross." In the Sacristia Alta are three fine paintings-by Alexo See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez, and in the See also:

• SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala Capitular See also:

• AREA

area " Conception " b Murillo and a " St Ferdinand " by Francisco See also:

• PACHECO, FRANCISCO (1571-1654)

Pacheco . The See also:

• ORGANS

organs (1777 and 1827) are among the largest in the world . A curious and unique See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual is observed by the choir boys on the festivals of Corpus Christi and the Immaculate Conception—a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance with See also:

• CASTANETS (Fr. castagnettes, Ger. Kastagnetten, Span. castanuelas)

castanets being performed by 1 This was stolen in 1874, sold in New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York for £50, and returned by its purchaser, Mr Schaus . ten of them before the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar; the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom is an old one but its origin is obscure . The Sagrario (1618–1662) on the north of the cathedral is a See also:

• BAROQUE

Baroque addition by Miguel de Zumarraga and Fernandez de See also:

• IGLESIAS

Iglesias, which serves as the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church . At the north-east corner of the cathedral stands the Giralda, a See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of Moorish origin, 295 ft. in height . The lower See also:

• PART

part of the tower, or about 185 f t., was built in the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 12th century by Yusuf I.; the upper part and the See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

belfry, which is surmounted by a See also:

• VANE (formerly spelt " fane," i.e. pennon, flag; cf. Ger. Feline, Du. vaan, Fr. girouette, Ital. banderuola, Ger. Wellerfahne)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1589-1654)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1613-1662)

vane formed of a bronze figure 14 ft. high representing Faith, were added (1568) by Fernando See also:

• RUIZ, JUAN (c. 1283-c. 1350)

Ruiz in the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance style . The ascent is made by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of inclined planes . The exterior is encrusted with delicate Moorish detail, and the tower is altogether the finest specimen of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in Europe . At the See also:

• BASE

base lies the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court of Oranges, of which only two sides now remain; the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Moorish See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain, however, is still preserved . But the chief relic of the Arab dominion in Seville is the Alcazar, a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace comparable in See also:

• INTEREST

interest and beauty only with the See also:

• ALHAMBRA, THE

Alhambra of See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada . It was begun in 1181 during the best periods of the See also:

• ALMOHADES (properly Muwahhadis, i.e. " Unitarians," the name being corrupted through the Spanish)

Almohades, and was surrounded by walls and towers, of which the Torre del Oro, a decagonal tower on the river side, is now the principal survival .

The Torre del Oro (1220) has an 18th--century superstructure . Pedro I. made considerable alterations and additions in the Alcazar during the 14th century, and worse havoc was afterwards wrought by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip III. and Philip V . Restorations have been effected as far as possible, and the palace is now an extremely beautiful example of Moorish work . The facade, the See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of ambassadors and the See also:

• PATIO

Patio de See also:

• LAS

las Muiiecas are the most striking portions, after which may be ranked the Patio de las Doncellas and the chapel of See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella . Among other Moorish remains in Seville may be mentioned the See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret of See also:

• SAN

San Marcos, 75 ft. high . The Casa de Pilatos is Moorish and Renaissance of the 16th century, and in addition to its elegant courtyard surrounded by a marble See also:

• COLONNADE

colonnade, contains some fine decorative work . Somewhat similar in style are the 15th-century Casa de los Pinelos (Casa de Abades) and the 15th-century palace of the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva (Palacio de las Duenas or de las Pinedas) . The following are the most notable churches in Seville: Santa Maria la Blanca, an old Jewish See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue; San Pedro, 14th-century Gothic; Santa Marina, with the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian sculptures in Seville; San Marcos, badly restored, but with a remarkable mudejar portal; San Clemente el Real with beautiful See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile-work (azulejos) of 1588; the Gothic Parroquia of Santa See also:

• ANA

Ana, in the Triana suburb; and Omnium Sanctorum, built by Pedro I., with a Moorish tower and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations . The church of La Caridad belongs to an See also:

• ALMSHOUSE

almshouse founded in 1661 by the Sevillian Don Juan, Miguel de Manara . It possesses six masterpieces by Murillo, and two by Valdes Leal . The chapel of the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of Santa Paula dates from 1475, and has a portal magpificently decorated with azulejos . Other churches, though generally deficient in architectural interest, are enriched by paintings or sculptures of Pacheco, Montanes, Alonso See also:

• CANO, ALONZO (1601–1667)
• CANO, MELCHIOR (1525-1560)

Cano, Valdes Leal, Roelas, Campana, Morales, Vargas and See also:

• ZURBARAN, FRANCISCO (1598–1662)

Zurbaran .

The museum was formerly the church and convent of La Merced . It now contains p-iceless examples of the Seville school of See also:

• PAINTING

painting, which flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries . Among the masters represented are See also:

• VELAZQUEZ, DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE SILVA Y (1599-166o)

Velazquez and Murillo (both natives of Seville), Zurbaran, Roelas, See also:

• HERRERA, FERNANDO DE (c. 1534-1597)
• HERRERA, FRANCISCO (1576-1656)

Herrera the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder, Pacheco, Juan de See also:

• CASTILLO

Castillo, Alonso Cano, See also:

• CESPEDES
• CESPEDES (in Ital. CEDASPE), PABLO DE (1538—1608)

Cespedes, Bocanegra, Valdes Leal, See also:

• GOYA

Goya and See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin de Vos . The school founded in 1256 by Alfonso X. became a university in 1502; its See also:

• PRESENT

present buildings were originally a Jesuit See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college built in 1567 from designs either by Herrera or by the Jesuit Bartolome de Bustamente, but devoted to their present use in 1767 on the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits . The university has faculties oflaw, See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . The Casa del See also:

• AYUNTAMIENTO

Ayuntamiento, in the Renaissance style, was begun in 1527 and has a fine See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase and hall and handsome carved doors . The Lonja, or See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, was designed by Herrera in his severe classical style, and completed in 1598; the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown and red marble staircase which leads to the Archivo de Indias is the best part of the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design . The archives contain 30,000 volumes See also:

• RELATING

relating to the voyages of Spanish discoverers, many of which are still unexamined . The archbishop's palace dates from 1697; the most notable features are the Churrigueresque doorway and staircase . The palace of San Telmo was formerly the seat of a See also:

• NAVAL

naval college founded by Ferdinand Columbus . An immense doorway is its principal architectural feature, but its picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery is interesting and important . Other noteworthy buildings are the Mudejar palaces of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• OSUNA
• OSUNA, PEDRO TELLEZ GIRON

Osuna and the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Pefiaflor; the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house occupied by Murillo at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his See also:

• DEATH

death (1682) ; the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital built in 1559 and enlarged in 1842; the foundling hospital (1558); the bull-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, with room for 14,000 spectators; and fragments of the city walls, which formerly had a circumference of more than to m., with 12 gateways and 166 towers .

See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce and Industries.—The port of Seville, in 370 10' N. and 6° to' W. has always been one of the chief outlets of the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Spain . It is the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of three See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways to Madrid, and of other lines to See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz, Almorchon, See also:

• CIUDAD

Ciudad Real, See also:

• HUELVA
• HUELVA (the ancient Onuba, Onoba, or Onuba Aestuaria)

Huelva, See also:

• BADAJOZ
• BADAJOZ (formerly sometimes written Badajos)

Badajoz and See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon . Three of these lines have branches down to the water-side of the quays . The See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay on the left bank, 4500 ft. long, is provided with powerful See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes, and sheds for merchandise . See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation up the Guadalquivir from its mouth to Seville (where the river is still tidal) is less dangerous for steamer`s than for sailing vessels, but is nevertheless uncertain . The construction of a See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal 4 M. long fromthe Punta de los See also:

• REMEDIOS, or SAN JUAN DE LOS REMEDIOS

Remedios to the Punta del Verde—two points between which the windings of the river render navigation especially difficult—was first proposed in 1839, and was undertaken in 1907 . Dredging operations were begun at the same time, so that on completion of the canal vessels See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 25 ft . (instead of 16 f t.) could come up to Seville . The principal exports are Manzanilla, Amontillado and other wines, oranges and lemons, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead ores, See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury, See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives, oil, See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork and See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool; the imports include See also:

• COAL

coal, wood, iron, manufactured goods, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• FLAX

flax and colonial produce . There. are manufactures of machinery, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain, See also:

• BEER

beer, See also:

• LIQUEURS

liqueurs, brandies, corks and See also:

• SILK

silk . The royal See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery works and iron foundries are very important . The porcelain and earthen-See also:

• WARE

ware factory in the Carthusian convent (Cartuja,' founded 1401) employs more than 2000 hands .

Pottery has been the characteristic See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of the Triana from time immemorial; the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints of Seville, Justa and Rufina, are said by tradition to have been potters here . Equally important is the great tobacco and See also:

• CIGAR

cigar factory, where 6000 See also:

• WOMEN

women are employed . History.—Seville appears originally to have been an Iberian town . Under the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans the city was made the capital of Baetica in the second century B.C., and became a favourite resort for wealthy Romans . It was captured in 45 B.C. by See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, who gave it the name of Colonia Julia Romula, and made it one of the conventus juridici . The emperors See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian, See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan and See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius were See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the neighbourhood at Italica (now Santiponce) ,where are the remains of a considerable See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre . The chief existing See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of the Romans in Seville itself is the remains of an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct, on four hundred and ten See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, by which water from See also:

• ALCALA (Moorish al Kala, the " Fortress " or " Castle ")

Alcala de Guadaira was supplied to the town . At the beginning of the 5th century the Silingian See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals made Seville the seat of their See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, until it passed in 531 under the Visigoths, who See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo for their capital . After the defeat of Don See also:

• RODERICK

Roderick at Guadalete in 712 the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the city after a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of some months . Under the Moors Seville continued to flourish . See also:

• IDRISI, or EDRISI [Abu Abdallah Mahommed Ibn Mahommed Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idrisi, c. A.D. 1099-1154]

Idrisi speaks in particular of its great export See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in the oil of Aljarafe . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district was in great part occupied by Syrian See also:

• ARABS

Arabs from Emesa, part of the troops that entered Spain with Balj in 741 at the time of the revolt of the See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers .

It was a See also:

• SCION

scion of one of these Emesan families, See also:

• ABU

Abu 'l-Kasim Mahommed, See also:

• CADI (g¢di)

cadi of Seville, who on the fall of the Spanish See also:

• CALIPHATE

caliphate headed the revolt of his townsmen against their See also:

• BERBER

Berber masters (1023) and became the founder of the Abbadid See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, of which Seville was capital, and which lasted under his son Mo`taelid (1042-1069) and See also:

• GRAND

grand-son Mo'tamid (1069-1091) till the city was taken by the See also:

• ALMORAVIDES (properly Murabtis, the name being corrupted through the Spanish)

Almoravides . The later years of the Almoravide See also:

• RULE

rule were very oppressive to the Moslems of Spain; in 1133 the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Seville were prepared to welcome the victorious arms of Alphonso VII., and eleven years later Andalusia See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion . Almohade troops now passed over into Spain and took Seville in 1147 . Under the Almohades Seville was the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and enjoyed great prosperity; the great mosque (now destroyed) was commenced by Yusuf I. and completed by his son Almanzor . In the decline of the dynasty between 1228 and 1248 Seville underwent various revolutions, and ultimately acknowledged the Hafsite See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, but Ferdinand III. restored it to Christendom in 1248 . Ferdinand brought temporary ruin on the city, for it is said that 400,000 of the inhabitants went into voluntary See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . But the position of Seville was too favourable for trade for it to fall into permanent decay, and by the 15th century it was again in a position to derive full benefit from the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• AMERICA

America . After the reign of Philip II. its prosperity gradually waned with that of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula; yet even in 1700 its silk factories gave employment to thousands of workpeople; their See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, however, by the end of the 18th century had fallen to four hundred . In 180o an outbreak of yellow See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever carried off 30,000 of the in-habitants, and in 1810 the city suffered severely from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French under See also:

• SOULT, NICOLAS JEAN DE DIEU

Soult, who plundered to the extent of six millions See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . Politically Seville has always had the reputation of See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar loyalty to the throne from the time when, on the death of Ferdinand III., it was the only city which remained faithful to his son Alphonso the Wise . It was consequently much 1 The interesting 15th-century tombs formerly in the Cartuja are now in the church of the university . favoured by the monarchs, and frequently a seat of the court .

For its loyalty during the revolt of the Comuneros it received from Charles V. the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto Ab Hercule et Caesare nobilitas; a se ipsa fidelitas . In 1729 the treaty between See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, France and Spain was signed in the city; in 18o8 the central See also:

• JUNTA (from juntar, to join)

junta was formed here and removed in 1810 to Cadiz; in 1823 the tortes brought the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king with them from Madrid; and in 1848 Seville combined with See also:

• MALAGA