CATERINA See also:

• SFORZA
• CATERINA SFORZA (1463-1509)

SFORZA (1463-1509)  , countess of Forli, was an illegitimate daughter of Galeazzo Maria See also:

• SFORZA
• SFORZA, CATERINA (1463-1509)

Sforza (see above) . In 1473 she was betrothed to See also:

• GIROLAMO (1450-1486)

Girolamo Riario, a son of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus IV., who was thus able to regain See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• IMOLA (anc. Forum Cornelii)

Imola, that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city being made a See also:

• FIEF

fief of the Riario See also:

• FAMILY

family . After a triumphal entry into Imola in 1477 Caterina Sforza went to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome with her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, who, with the help of the pope, wrested the lordship of Forli from the Ordelaffi . Riario, by means of many crimes, for which his wife seems to have blamed him, succeeded in accumulating See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, and on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Sixtus in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1484, he sent Caterina to Rome to occupy the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of St Angelo, which she defended gallantly until, on the 25th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, she surrendered it by his See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to the Sacred See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College . They then returned to their fiefs of Imola and Forli, where they tried to win the favour of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people by erecting magnificent public buildings and churches and by abolishing taxes; but want of See also:

• MONEY

money obliged them to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy the taxes once more, which caused dissatisfaction . Riario's enemies conspired against him with a view to making Franceschetto Cybo, See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent VIII., See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Imola and Forli in his See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead . Riario thereupon instituted a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of persecution, in which Caterina was implicated, against all whom he suspected of treachery . In 1488 he was murdered by three conspirators, his See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace was sacked, and his wife and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children were taken prisoners . The castle of Forli, however, held out in Caterina's See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and every inducement and See also:

• THREAT

threat to make her order its surrender proved useless; having managed to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from her captors she penetrated into the castle, whence she threatened to See also:

• BOMBARD (derived through Med. Lat. and Fr. forms from Gr. (3oµ(3eiv, to make a humming noise)

bombard the city, refusing to come to terms even when the besiegers threatened to See also:

• MURDER

murder her children . With the assistance of Lodovico it See also:

• MORO, ANTONIO (c. 1512-1575)

Moro she was able to defeat her enemies and to regain possession of all her dominions; she wreaked vengeance on those who had opposed her and re-established her See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Being now a widow she had several lovers, and by one of them, Giacomo Feo, whom she afterwards married, she had a son . Feo, who made himself hated for his See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and insolence, was murdered before the eyes of his wife in August 1495; Caterina had all the conspirators and their families, including the See also:

• WOMEN

women and children, massacred .

She established friendly relations with the new pope, See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VI., and with the Florentines, whose See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, Giovanni de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici, she secretly married in 1496 . Giovanni died in 1498, but Caterina managed with the aid of Lodovico it Moro and of the Florentines to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save her dominions from the attacks of the Venetians . Alexander VI., however, angered at her refusal to agree to a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union between his daughter Lucrezia See also:

• BORGIA, CESARE
• BORGIA, FRANCIS (1510-1572)
• BORGIA, LUCREZIA (1480-1519)

Borgia and her son Ottaviano, and coveting her territories as well as the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Romagna for his son Cesare, issued a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull on the 9th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1499, declaring that the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Riario had forfeited the lordship of Imola and Forli and conferring those fiefs on Cesare Borgia . The latter began his See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest with Caterina Sforza's dominions and attacked her with his whole See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, reinforced by 14,000 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French troops and by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XII . Caterina placed her children in safety and took strenuous See also:

• MEASURES

measures for See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . The castle of Imola was held by her henchman Dionigi Naldi of Brisighella, until resistance being no longer possible he surrendered (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1499) with the honours of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . Caterina absolved the citizens of Forli from their See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath. of fealty, and defended herself in the citadel . She repeatedly See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat back the Borgia's onslaughts and refused all his offers of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . Finally when the situation had become untenable and having in vain given orders for the See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine to be blown up, she surrendered, after a See also:

• BATTLE

battle in which large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were killed on both sides, to See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine Bissey, bailli of See also:

• DIJON

Dijon, entrusting herself to the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (See also:

• JANUARY

January 12, 1500) . Thus her See also:

• LIFE

life was spared, but she was not saved from the outrages of the treacherous Cesare; she was afterwards taken to Rome and held a prisoner for a See also:

• YEAR

year in the castle of St Angelo, whence she was liberated by the same bailli of Dijon to whom she had surrendered at Forli . She took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence to escape from persecution from the Borgias, and the power of that sinister family having collapsed on the death of Alexander VI. in r 503, she attempted to regain possession of her dominions . In this she failed owing to the hostility of her See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Pierfrancesco and Lorenzo de' Medici, and as they wished to get her son Giovanni de' Medici (afterwards Giovanni See also:

• DALLE (pronounced " dal," Fr. for a flag-stone or flat tile)

dalle Bande Nere) into their hands, she took refuge with him in the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of Annalena, where she died on the loth of May 1509 .

See Buriel, Vita di Caterina Sforza-Riario (See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, 1785) ; F . See also:

• OLIVA, FERNAN PEREZ DE (1492?-1530)

Oliva, Vita di C . Sforza, signora di Forli (Forli, 1821); Pietro Desiderio Pesolini Dail' Onda, Caterina Sforza (Rome, 1893); See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by P . See also:

• SYLVESTER, JAMES
• SYLVESTER, JOSHUA (1563–1618)

Sylvester (1898) . This is the best and most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• WORK

work on the subject; E . M. de See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

Vogue, Histoire et poesie (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1898) ; and Ernesto Masi, " C . Sforza," in the Nuova Antologia for May 1 and May 15, 1893 .