See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

PETER PAVLOVICH See also:

• BARON PETER PAVLOVICH SHAFIROV (1670-1739)

SHAFIROV (1670-1739)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian statesman, one of the ablest coadjutors of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great, was of obscure, and in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of Jewish, extraction . He first made himself useful by his extraordinary knowledge of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . He was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief translator in the Russian Foreign See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office for many years, subsequently accompanying Peter on his travels . Made a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron and raised to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, he displayed See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic talents of the highest See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . During the unlucky See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1711, he succeeded against all expectations in concluding the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of the Pruth (see See also:

• TURKEY

TURKEY: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . Peter See also:

• LEFT

left him in the hands of the See also:

• TURKS

Turks as a See also:

• HOSTAGE (through Fr. ostage, modern otage, from Late Lat. obsidaticum, the state of being an obses or hostage; Med. Lat. ostaticum, ostagium)

hostage, and on the rupture of the peace he was imprisoned in the Seven Towers . Finally, however, with the aid of the See also:

• BRITISH

British and Dutch ambassadors, he defeated the See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XII. of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and his agents, and confirmed the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good relations between See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and Turkey by the treaty of See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople (See also:

• JUNE

June 5th, 1713) . On the institution of the colleges or departments of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in 1718, See also:

• SHAFIROV, PETER PAVLOVICH, BARON (1670-1739)

Shafirov was appointed vice-See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Foreign Affairs, and a senator . In 1723, however, he was deprived of all his offices and sentenced to See also:

• DEATH

death . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was commuted on the See also:

• SCAFFOLD
• SCAFFOLD, SCAFFOLDING (from the O. Fr. escafaut, originally escafalt, modern echafaud, a corruption of the Italian or Spanish calafalco, a platform, especially a canopy over a bier, a catafalque; this word is composed of O. Span. altar, O. Ital. catare, t

scaffold to banishment, first to See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia and then to See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod . Peculations and disorderly conduct in the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate were the offences charged against Shafirov, and with some See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . On the death of Peter, Shafirov was released from See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison and commissioned to write the See also:

• LIFE

life of his See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master .

He had previously (1717), in an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract on the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with Charles XII., in which Peter himself collaborated,'epitomized, in a high See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, some of the greatest exploits of the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar-regenerator . The successful rivalry of his supplanter, Andrei See also:

• OSTERMAN, ANDREI IVANOVICH, COUNT (1686—1747)

Osterman, prevented Shafirov from holding any high office during the last fourteen years of his life . See B . M . Solovev, History of Russia, vols. xiii.-xvi . (Rus.) (See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

Peters-See also:

• BURG

burg, 1895) . (R . N .