See also:

• SHAPUR (Pahlavi, Shahpuhre, " son of the king "; Greek Sapores, commonly Sapor)

SHAPUR (See also:

• PAHLAVI, or PEHLEVI

Pahlavi, Shahpuhre, " son of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king "; See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Sapores, commonly Sapor)  , the name of three See also:

• SASSANIAN

Sassanian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . 1 . SHAPTJR I . (A.D . 241-272), son of See also:

• ARDASHIR

Ardashir I . The See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend which makes him the son of an Arsacid princess is not See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical . Ardashir I. had towards the end of his reign renewed the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; See also:

• SHAPUR (Pahlavi, Shahpuhre, " son of the king "; Greek Sapores, commonly Sapor)

Shapur conquered the Mesopotamian fortresses See also:

• NISIBIS (Nasibina in the Assyrian inscriptions)

Nisibis and Carrhae and advanced into See also:

• SYRIA

Syria; but he was driven back by C . Furius Timesitheus,) See also:

• FATHER

father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, Gordianus III., and beaten at Resaena (243) . Shortly afterwards Timesitheus died, and Gordianus (q.v.) was murdered by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the Arabian, who concluded an ignominious See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the Persians (244) . When the invasion of the Goths and the continuous See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of new emperors after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• DECIUS, GAIUS MESSIUS QUINTUS TRAJANUS (2017-251)

Decius (251) brought the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire to utter See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution, Shapur resumed his attacks . He conquered See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, invaded Syria, and plundered See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch . At last the emperor See also:

• VALERIANUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS

Valerianus marched against him, but suffered near See also:

• EDESSA
• EDESSA (mod. , Vodena)

Edessa the See also:

• FATE

fate of See also:

• CRASSUS (literally " dense," " thick," " fat ")

Crassus (260) .

Shapur advanced into See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, but was beaten by Ballista; and now See also:

• ODAENATHUS, or ODENATUS (Gr. 'OSalvaOos, Palm, ris = " little ear ")

Odaenathus (Odainath), See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• PALMYRA

Palmyra, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in his See also:

• REAR

rear, defeated the Persian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, reconquered Carrhae and Nisibis, captured the royal See also:

• HAREM

harem, and twice invested See also:

• CTESIPHON

Ctesiphon (263—265) . Shapur was unable to resume the offensive; he even lost Armenia again . But according to Persian and Arabic traditions, which appear to be trustworthy, he conquered the See also:

• GREAT

great fortress of Hatra in the Mesopotamian See also:

• DESERT

desert; and the great See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of his reign was that a Roman emperor was by him kept prisoner to the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of his death . In the valley of Istakhr (near See also:

• PERSEPOLIS

Persepolis), under the tombs of the Achaemenids at Nakshi Rustam, Shapur is represented on horseback, in the royal See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, with the See also:

• CROWN

crown on his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; before him kneels See also:

• VALERIAN

Valerian, in Roman See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, asking for See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace . The same See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene is represented on the rocks near the ruins of the towns -Darabjird and Shapur in See also:

• PERSIS (mod. Fars, q.v.)

Persis . Shapur See also:

• LEFT

left other reliefs and See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions; one, at Nakshi-Rajab near Persepolis, is accompanied by a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation; here he calls himself " the Mazdayasnian (worshipper of Ahuramazda), the See also:

• GOD

god Sapores, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of kings of the See also:

• ARYANS

Aryans (Iranians) and non-Aryans, of divine descent, son of the Mazdayasnian, the god Artaxares, king of kings of the Aryans, See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of the god-king Papak." Another See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in= scription at Hajjiabad (Istakhr) mentions the king's exploits in See also:

• ARCHERY

archery in the presence of his nobles . From his titles we learn that Shapur I. claimed the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty over the whole See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, although in reality his domain extended 1 Timesitheus is the generally accepted variant for the Misitheus (" God-Hater ") of Capitolinus; See also:

• ZOSIMUS

Zosimus, i . 16 . 17, preferred Timesicles . In a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper read before a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the See also:

• BRITISH

British School of See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology at Rome on the 3oth of See also:

• JANUARY

January, 1908, Mr A . S . Yeames endeavoured to show that Timesitheus is the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general commemorated by a bust in the See also:

• SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala delle Colombe of the Capitoline Museum, and by the great See also:

• SARCOPHAGUS (Gr. vapsorg yos, literally " flesh-eating," from vapt, flesh, ¢ayeiv, to eat)

sarcophagus in the Museo delle Terme, representing a See also:

• BATTLE

battle between See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans and barbarians .

On the forehead in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case is a non-See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian incised See also:

• CROSS

cross of unknown significance.little farther than that of Ardashir I . Shapur built the great See also:

• TOWN

town Gundev-Shapur near the old Achaemenian See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• SUSA (anc. Segusio, q.v.)
• SUSA (Biblical, Shushan)
• SUSA (Fr. Sousse)

Susa, and increased the fertility of this See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• DISTRICT

district by a barrage through the See also:

• KARUN

Karun See also:

• RIVER

river near See also:

• SHUSHTER

Shushter, which was built by the Roman prisoners and is still called See also:

• BAND

Band-i-Kaisar, " the See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole of the See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar." • Under his reign the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet Mani, the founder of See also:

• MANICHAEISM

Manichaeism (q.v.) began his See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, and the king himself seems to have favoured his ideas . For the monuments and inscriptions cf . See also:

• SIR

Sir R . See also:

• KER, JOHN (1673-1726)

Ker See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

Porter, Travels; Flandin and Coste, Voyage en Perse; Stolze, Persepolis; See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal R . Asiat . See also:

• SOC

Soc., new See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, iii., 1868; See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West in Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, ii . 76 f.; Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci inscr. i., No . 434 . A See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem with the portrait of the king is in the museum of See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, cf . Pertsch, Zeitsch. d. deutschen morgenl . Gess xxii .

280 . 2 . SHAPURII . (310-379) . When King See also:

• HORMIZD, or HORMIZDAS

Hormizd II . (302—310) died, the Persian magnates killed his eldest son, blinded the second, and imprisoned the third (Hormizd, who afterwards escaped to the Romans); the See also:

• THRONE

throne was reserved for the unborn See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of one of the wives of Hormizd . This child, named Shapur, was therefore See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born king; the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was See also:

• CON

con-ducted by his See also:

• MOTHER

mother and the magnates . But when Shapur came of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, he turned out to be one of the greatest monarchs of the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . Under his reign the collection of the Avesta was completed, See also:

• HERESY

heresy and See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

apostasy punished, and the Christians persecuted . This was the natural See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental reaction against the transformation of the Roman empire into a Christian empire by See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine . In 337, just before the death of Constantine, Shapur See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the peace concluded in 297 between See also:

• NARSES (c. 478—573)
• NARSES, NARSEH, NARSEUS

Narses and See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian, which had been observed for See also:

• FORTY

forty years, and a war of twenty-six years (337—363) began.' Shapur attempted with varying success to conquer the great fortresses of Roman See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia, Singara, Nisibis (which he invested three times in vain), Amida (Diarbekr) . The emperor See also:

• CONSTANTIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS

Constantius II. was always beaten in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field .

Nevertheless Shapur made scarcely any progress; the military See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom was not sufficient for a lasting occupation of the conquered districts . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was attacked in the E. by See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad tribes, among whom the Chionites are named . After a prolonged struggle they were forced to conclude a peace, and their king, Grumbates, accompanied Shapur in the war against the Romans . Shapur now conquered Amida after a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of seventy-three days (359) , and took Singara and some other fortresses in the next See also:

• YEAR

year . In 363 the emperor See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian, at the head of a strong army, advanced to Ctesiphon, but was killed . His successor See also:

• JOVIAN (FLAVIUS JoVIANUs) (c. 332-364)

Jovian was defeated and made an ignominious peace, by which the districts on the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris and Nisibis were ceded to the Persians, and the Romans promised to interfere no more in Armenia . In the rock-sculptures near the town Shapur in Persis (Stolze, Persepolis, pl . 141) the great success is represented; under the hoofs of the king's See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse lies the See also:

• BODY

body of an enemy, probably Julian, and a suppliant Roman, the emperor Jovian, asks for peace . Shapur now invaded Armenia, took king See also:

• ARSACES

Arsaces III . (of the Arsacid See also:

• RACE

race), the faithful ally of the Romans, prisoner by treachery and forced him to commit See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide . He then attempted to introduce Zoroastrian orthodoxy into Armenia . But the Armenian nobles resisted him successfully, secretly supported by the Romans, who sent King Pap, the son of Arsaces III. into Armenia .

The war with Rome threatened to break out again; but See also:

• VALENS

Valens sacrificed Pap and caused his assassination in See also:

• TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

Tarsus, where he had taken See also:

• REFUGE

refuge (374) . Shapur had conducted great hosts of captives from the Roman territory into his dominions, most of whom were settled in Susiana . Here he rebuilt Susa, after having killed her rebellious inhabitants, and founded some other towns . He was successful in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and the great town See also:

• NISHAPUR
• NISHAPUR (Old Pers. Nev-shdpur-nev, New Pers. niv, nik= good; Arab. Naisabur)

Nishapur in See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan (E . See also:

• PARTHIA

Parthia) was founded by him . 3 . SHAPUR III . (383—388), son of Shapur II., elevated to the throne by the magnates against his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, Ardashir II., and killed by them after a reign of five years . He concluded a treaty with See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius the Great . (ED .