See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word See also:

• COMMON

common in various forms to See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages; e.g. the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Schaf)  , a name originally bestowed in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability on the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar domesticated ruminant (Ovis See also:

• ARIES (" The Ram ")

aries), but now extended to include its immediate See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild relatives . Although many of the domesticated breeds are hornless, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep belong to the See also:

• FAMILY

family of hollow-horned ruminants or See also:

• BOVIDAE

Bovidae (q.v.) . Practically they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• GROUP

group impossible of See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition, as they pass imperceptibly into the goats . Both sexes usually possess horns, but those of the See also:

• FEMALES

females are small . In the See also:

• MALES

males the horns are generally angulated, and marked by See also:

• FINE

fine transverse wrinkles; their See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour being greenish or brownish . They are directed outwards, and See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve in an open See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral, with the tips directed outwards . Although there may be a fringe of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair on the See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat, the males have no See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard on the See also:

• CHIN

chin; and they also lack the strong odour characteristic of goats . Usually the tail is See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short; and in all the wild See also:

• SPECIES

species the coat takes the form of hair, and not See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool . Like goats, sheep have narrow upper molar See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, very different from those of the oxen, and narrow hairy muzzles . Between the two See also:

• MIDDLE

middle toes, in most species, is lodged a deep glandular bag having the form of a See also:

• RETORT (Lat. retorquere, to twist or turn back)

retort with a small See also:

• EXTERNAL

external orifice, which secretes an unctuous and odorous substance . This, tainting the herbage or stones over which the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal walks, affords the means by which, through the powerfully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed sense of See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell, the neighbourhood of other individuals of the species is recognized . The crumen or suborbital See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face-gland, which is so largely developed and probably performs the same See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in some antelopes and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, is See also:

• PRESENT

present, although in a comparatively rudimentary form, in most species, but is absent in others .

Wild sheep attain their maximum development, both in respect of number and See also:

• SIZE

size, in Central-See also:

• ASIA

Asia . They See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate either in large flocks, or in family-parties; the old males generally keeping apart from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . Although essentially See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain animals, sheep generally frequent open, undulating districts, rather than the precipitous; heights to which goats are partial . It may be added that the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long tails of most tame breeds are, like wool, in all probability the results of domestication . The Pamir See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, on the confines of See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan, at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 16,000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, is the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the magnificent Ovis poli, named after the celebrated Venetian traveller Marco See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

Polo, who met with it in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . It is remark-able for the See also:

• GREAT

great size of the horns of the old rams and the wide open sweep of their curve, so that the points stand boldly out on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, far away from the animal's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, instead of See also:

• CURLING
• CURLING, THOMAS BLIZARD (1811-1888)

curling See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round nearly in the same See also:

• PLANE

plane, as in most of the allied species: A variety inhabiting the Thian Shian is known as 0. See also:

• POLL

poll carelini . An even larger animal is the See also:

• ARGALI

argali, 0. amnion, typically from the See also:

• ALTAI (in Mongolian Altain-ula, the " Mountains of Gold ")

Altai, but represented by one See also:

• RACE

race in Ladak and See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet (O. See also:

• AMMON
• AMMON, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1766—185o)

ammon hodgsoni), and by a second in See also:

• MONGOLIA

Mongolia . Although its horns are less extended laterally than those of O. poli, they are grander and more massive . In their short summer coats the old rams of both species are nearly See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white . Ovis sairensis from 'the Sair mountains and . O. littledalei from See also:

• KULJA (Chinese, Ili-ho)

Kulja are allied species . In the Stanovoi mountains and neighbouring districts of E .

See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia and in See also:

• KAMCHATKA

Kamchatka occur two sheep which have been respectively named O., borealis and O. nivicola . They are, how-ever, so closely allied to the so-called bighorn sheep of N . See also:

• AMERICA

America, that they can scarcely be regarded as more than See also:

• LOCAL

local races of 0. canadensis,.or 0. cervina, as some naturalists prefer to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the species . These bighorns are characterized by the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of face-glands, and the comparatively smooth front See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the horns of the old rams, whic)i are thus very unlike the strongly wrinkled horns of the argali group . The typical bighorn is the See also:

• KHAKI (from Urdu khak, dust)

khaki-coloured and white-rumped Rocky Mountain animal; but on the Stickin See also:

• RIVER

river there is a nearly See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black race, with the usual white areas (0. canadensis stonei), while this is replaced in See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska by the nearly pure white O. c. dalli; the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey sheep of the See also:

• YUKON

Yukon (0. c. fannini) being perhaps not a distinct form . Returning to Asia, we find in Ladak, See also:

• ASTOR, JOHN JACOB (1763-1848)

Astor, See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan and the See also:

• PUNJAB

Punjab ranges, a sheep whose local races are variously known as urin, urial and shapo, and whose technical name is 0. vignei . It is a smaller animal than the members of the argali group, and approximates to- the Armenian and the Sardinian wild sheep or See also:

• MOUFLON
• MOUFLON, or MUFLON

mouflon (Ovis orientalis and 0. musimon) (see MouFLON) . We See also:

• NAVE

nave in Tibet the See also:

• BHARAL

bharal or See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue sheep, Ovis (Pseudois) bharal, and in N . See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa the See also:

• UDAD, AOUDAD

udad or aoudad, 0 . (Ammotragus) lervia, both of which have no face-glands ' and in this and their smooth horns approximate to goats (see BHARAL and AOUDAD) . The sheep was domesticated in Asia and See also:

• EUROPE

Europe before the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of See also:

• HISTORY

history, though unknown in this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in the New See also:

• WORLD

World until after the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest . It has now been introduced byman into almost all parts of the world where agricultural, operations are carried on, but flourishes especially in the temperate regions of both hemispheres .

Whether this well-known and useful animal is derived from any one of the existing wild species, or from the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing of several, or from some now See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct species, are matters of conjecture . The See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of external characters seen in the different breeds are very great . They are chiefly manifested in the form and number of the horns, which may be increased from the normal two to four or even eight, or may be altogether absent in the See also:

• FEMALE

female alone or in both sexes; in the shape and length of the ears, which often hang pendent by the side of the head; in the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar elevation or arching of the nasal bones in some eastern races; in the length of the tail, and the development of great masses of See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat at each side of its See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root or in the tail itself; and in the colour and quality of the fleece . On the W. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Africa two distinct breeds of hairy sheep are indigenous, the one characterized by its large size, long limbs and smooth coat, and the other by its inferior stature, See also:

• LOWER

lower build and heavily maned See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck and throat . Both breeds, which have short tails and small horns (present only in the rams), were regarded by the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German naturalist Fitzinger as specifically distinct from the domesticated Ovis cries of Europe; and for the first type he proposed the name 0. longipes and for the second 0. jubata . Although such distinctions may be doubtful (the two See also:

• AFRICAN

African breeds are almost certainly descended from one ancestral form), the retention of such names may be convenient as a provisional measure . The long-legged hairy sheep, which stands a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal taller than a Southdown, ranges, with a certain amount of local variation, from Lower See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea to the Cape . In addition to its long limbs, it is characterized by its See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, large (but not drooping) ears, and the presence of a See also:

• DEWLAP

dewlap on the throat and See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest . The ewes are hornless, but in Africa the rams have very short, thick and somewhat goatlike horns . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in the W . See also:

• INDIAN

Indian breed, which has probably been introduced from Africa, both sexes are devoid of horns . The colour is variable .

In the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of cases it appears to be pied, showing large blotches of black or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown on a white ground; the head being generally white with large black patches on the sides, most of the neck and the fore-See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• BODY

body black, and the See also:

• HIND

hind-quarters white with large coloured blotches . On the other hand, these sheep may be uniformly yellowish white, reddish brown, greyish brown or even black . The uniformly reddish or See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut-brown specimens approach most nearly to the wild mouflon or urial in colour, but the chestnut extends over the whole of the under-parts and flanks; domestication having probably led' to the elimination of the white belly and dark flank See also:

• BAND

band, which are doubtless protective characters . The feeble development of the horns is probably also a feature due to domestication . In See also:

• ANGOLA

Angola occurs a breed of this sheep which has probably been crossed with the fat-tailed Malagasy breed; while in Guinea there is a breed with lappets, or wattles, on the throat, which is probably the result of a See also:

• CROSS

cross with the lop-eared sheep of the same See also:

• DISTRICT

district . The Guinea lop-eared breed, it may be mentioned, is believed to inherit its drooping ears and throat wattles from an infusion of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of the Roman-nosed hornless Theban See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat (see GOAT) . Hairy long-legged sheep are also met with in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, but are not pure-bred, being apparently the result of a cross between the long-legged Guinea breed and the fat-tailed See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian sheep . The maned hairy sheep (Ovis jubata), which appears to be confined to the W. coast of Africa, takes its name from a mane of longish hair on the throat and neck; the hair on the body being also longer than in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary long-legged sheep . This breed is frequently black or brown and white; but in a small sub-breed from the Cameroons the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general colour is chestnut or foxy red, with the face, ears, buttocks, lower surface of tail and under-parts black . The mbst remarkable thing about this Cameroon sheep is, however, its extremely diminutive size, a full-grown See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

ram See also:

• STANDING

standing only 19 in. at the withers . In point of size this pigmy Cameroon breed comes very See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to an exceedingly small sheep of which the See also:

• LIMB

limb-bones have been A Mouflon Ram (Ovis- musimon) . found in certain See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient deposits in the S. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; and the question arises whether the two breeds may not have been nearly related .

Although there are no means of ascertaining whether the extinct pigmy See also:

• BRITISH

British sheep, was clothed with hair or with wool, it is practically certain that some of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early . See also:

• EUROPEAN

European sheep retained hair like that of their wild ancestor; and there is accordingly no prima facie See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason why the breed in question should not have been hairy . On the other hand, since the so-called See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat-sheep of the prehistoric Swiss See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake-dwellers appears to be represented by the existing Graubunden (See also:

• GRISONS (Ger. Graubunden)

Grisons) breed, which is woolly and coloured something like a Southdown, it may be argued that the former was probably also woolly, and hence that the survival of a hairy breed in a neighbouring part of Europe would be unlikely . The latter part of the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument is not very convincing, and it is legitimate to surmise that in the small extinct sheep of the S. of England we may have a possible relative of the pigmy hairy sheep of W . Africa . Fat-tamped sheep, Ovis steatopyga, are See also:

• COMMON

common to Africa and Asia, and are piebald with rudimentary horns, and a short hairy coat, being bred entirely for their See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and flesh . In fat-tailed sheep, on the other hand, which have much the same See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution, the coat is woolly and generally piebald . Four-horned sheep are common in See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland and the See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides; the small See also:

• HALF

half-wild breed of Soa often showing this reduplication . There is another four-horned breed, distinguished by its black (in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of brown) horns, whose home is probably S . Africa . In the See also:

• UNICORN (Lat. unicornis, for Gr. µovoKepws, having one horn; Fr. licorne; Ital. alicorno)

unicorn sheep of See also:

• NEPAL, NEPAUL

Nepal or Tibet the two horns of the rams are completely welded together . In th e Himalayan and Indian hunia sheep, the rams of which are speci.illy trained for fighting, and have highly See also:

• CONVEX

convex foreheads, the tail is short at See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth .

Most remarkable of all is the so-called Wallachian sheep, or Zackelschaf (Ovis strepsiceros), represented by several more or less distinct breeds in E . Europe, in which the long upright horns are spirally See also:

• TWISTED

twisted like those of the mazkhor wild goat . For the various breeds of wild sheep see R . Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep and Goats (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1898), and later papers in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . Also See also:

• ROWLAND, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1848-1901)

Rowland See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward, Records of Big See also:

• GAME

Game (5th ed., London, 1906) . (R . L.'°) See also:

• MODERN

Modern British Breeds of Sheep.—The sheep native to the British Isles may be classified as the See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland and the mountain breeds, and subdivided into. longwools and shortwools—the latter including the Down breeds, sometimes termed black-faced . The longwool breeds are the See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester, Border Leicester, Cotswold, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon Longwool, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Devon, See also:

• WENSLEYDALE
• WENSLEYDALE, JAMES PARKE, BARON (1782-1868)

Wensleydale and See also:

• ROSCOMMON
• ROSCOMMON, WENTWORTH DILLON, 4TH EARL OF (c. 163o-1685)

Roscommon . The shortwool breeds are the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford Down, Southdown, See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire, See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire Down, See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk, Ryeland, See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset and See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn, See also:

• KERRY

Kerry See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, See also:

• RADNOR, EARLS OF

Radnor and Clun See also:

• FOREST

Forest . The mountain breeds include the Cheviot, Scotch Black-face, Lonk, Rough Swaledale, See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire Gritstone, Penistone, See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone, Herdwick, See also:

• DARTMOOR

Dartmoor, Exmoor and Welsh Mountain . These breeds are all See also:

• ENGLISH

English, except the Border Leicester, Cheviot and Scotch Black-face, which belong to See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland; the Welsh Mountain, which belongs to See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales; and the Roscommon, which is Irish . The majority of the true mountain breeds are horned, the males only in the cases of Cheviot, Herdwick, Penistone and Welsh, though most Cheviot and many Herdwick rams are hornless .

Of Derbyshire Gritstone neither See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex has horns . In the other horned breeds, the Dorset and Somerset, Limestone, Exmoor, Old See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, and Western or Old See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire, both sexes have horns . The remaining breeds are hornless . The white-faced breeds include the Leicester, Border Leicester, Lincoln, Kentish, Cheviot, Ryeland, Devon Longwool, South Devon, Dorset and Somerset Horn, Limestone, Penistone, Exmoor and Roscommon . The Leicester, though now not numerous, is of high See also:

• INTEREST

interest . It was the breed which See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BAKEWELL
• BAKEWELL, ROBERT (1725-1795)
• BAKEWELL, ROBERT (1768–1843)

Bakewell took in hand in the 18th century, and greatly improved by the exercise of his skill and See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . Bakewell lived at Dishley See also:

• GRANGE (through the A.-Fr. graunge, from the Med. Lat. granea, a place for storing grain, granum)

Grange, See also:

• LEICESTERSHIRE

Leicestershire, and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the Leicester sheep are still called Dishleys . In past times Leicester blood was extensively employed in the improvement or See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of other longwool breeds of sheep . The Leicester, as seen now, has a white See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge-shaped face, the forehead covered with wool; thin See also:

• MOBILE

mobile ears; neck fulltowards the See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, short and level with the See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad:; width over the shoulders and through the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart; a full broad See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast; fine clean legs standing well apart; deep round See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel and great See also:

• DEPTH

depth of See also:

• CARCASS

carcass; See also:

• FIRM

firm flesh, springy pelt, and See also:

• PINK

pink skin, covered with fine, See also:

• CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly, lustrous wool . The breed is maintained pure upon the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich pastures of Leicestershire, E. and N . See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire, See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland and See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham, but its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief value is for crossing, when it is found to promote maturity and to improve the fattening propensity . The Border Leicester originated after the See also:

• DEATH

death in 1795 of Bakewell, when the Leicester breed, as it then existed, diverged into two branches .

The one is represented by the breed still known in England as the Leicester . The other, bred on the Scottish See also:

• BORDERS, THE

Borders, with an early admixture of Cheviot blood, acquired the name of Border Leicester . The distinguishing characteristics of the latter are: that it is an upstanding animal of See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance with See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• OFFAL

offal; and has a long though strong neck carrying a long, lean, clean head covered with white, hard, but not wiry hair, See also:

• FREE

free from wool, long highset ears and a black muzzle; back broad and See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular, belly well covered with wool; legs clean, and a fleece of long white wavy wool, arranged in characteristic locks or pins . The Blue faced Wensleydales take their name from the See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York-See also:

• SHIRE

shire See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

dale of which See also:

• THIRSK

Thirsk is the centre . They are longwool sheep, derived from the old Teeswater breed by crossing with Leicester rams . They have a tuft of wool on the forehead . The skin of the body is sometimes blue, whilst the wool has a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright lustre, is curled in small distinct pins, and is of See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• STAPLE

staple . The rams are in much favour in Scotland and the N. of England for crossing with ewes of the various black-faced horned mountain breeds to produce mutton of See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior quality and to use the cross-ewes to breed to a pure longwool or sometimes a Down ram . The Cotswold is an old-established breed of the See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire hills, extending thence into See also:

• OXFORDSHIRE (or OxoN)

Oxfordshire . It was but slightly crossed for improvement by the Dishley Leicesters and has retained its characteristic type for generations . They are big, handsome sheep, with finely-arched necks and graceful See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage . With their broad, straight backs, curved ribs, and capacious quarters, they carry a great See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of carcass upon strong, wide-standing legs .

The fine white fleece of long wavy wool gives the Cotswold an attractive appearance, which is enhanced by its, topknot or forelock . The mutton of the Cotswolds is not of high quality except at an early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, but the sheep are useful for crossing purposes to impart size, and because they are exceptionally See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy . The Lincoln are descended from the old native breed of See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire, improved by the use of Leicester blood . They are hardy and prolific, but do not quite equal the Cotswolds in size . They have larger, bolder heads than the Leicesters . Breeders of Lincoln rams like best a darkish face, with a few black spots on the ears; and white legs . The wool has a broad staple, and is denser and longer, and the fleece heavier, than in any other British breed . For this reason it has been the breed most in favour with breeders in all parts of the world for mating with See also:

• MERINO

Merino ewes and their crosses . The progeny is a good general-purpose sheep, giving a large fleece of wool but only a See also:

• MEDIUM

medium quality of mutton . With a greater proportion of Lincoln blood in the mixed flocks of the world there is a' growing tendency to produce finer mutton by using Down rams, but at the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of part of the yield of wool . In 1906 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Dudding;. of Riby See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

Grove, Lincolnshire, obtained at See also:

• AUCTION

auction the sum of 145o guineas for a'Lincoln ram' bred by him,—the highest See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price paid for a sheep in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year Robert and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, of Nocton See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath, Lincoln, sold their See also:

• FLOCK

flock of 950 animals to' Senor See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel Cobo, Buenos Aires, for: £30,000 .

The Devon Longwool is a breed locally developed in the valleys of W . Somerset, N. and E . Devon, and' parts of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, It originated in a strong infusion of Leicester blood amongst the old See also:

• BAMPTON, JOHN (c. 169o-1751)

Bampton stock of 'See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire . The Devon Longwool is not unlike the Lincoln, but is coarser . It is white-faced; with a See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock of wool 'on the forehead . The South Devon or South Dum are, like the See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle of that name, a strictly local breed, which likewise exemplify'the good results of crossing with the Leicesters . The South Devons have a fairly fine silky fleece of long staple, heavier than that of the Devon Longwool, which it also excels in size . The Roscommon—the one breed of modern sheep native to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland—is indebted for its good qualities largely to the use ^f Leicester blood . It is a big-bodied, high-standing sheep, .'arrying a long, wavy, silky fleece . It ranges mainly from the middle of Ireland westwards, but its See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers have declined considerably in competition with the Shropshire . The Kent or See also:

• ROMNEY (NEw ROMNEY)
• ROMNEY, GEORGE (1734-1802)
• ROMNEY, HENRY SIDNEY, EARL OF (1641-1704)

Romney See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

Marsh is native to the rich See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of grazing See also:

• LAND

land on the S. coast of Kent . They are hardy, white-faced sheep, with a close-coated longwool fleece .

They were gradually, like the Cotswolds, improved from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original type of slow-maturity sheep by selection in preference to the use of rams of the Improved Leicester breed . With the exception of the Lincoln, no breed has received greater distinction in New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, where it is in high repute for its hardiness and general usefulness . When difficulties See also:

• RELATING

relating to the quantity and quality of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food arise the Romney is a better sheep to meet them than the Lincolns or other longwools . The Oxford Down is a modern breed which owes its origin to crossing between Cotswolds and Hampshire See also:

• DOWNS

Downs and South-downs . Although it has inherited the forelock from its longwool ancestors, it approximates more nearly to, the shortwool type, and is accordingly classified as such . An Oxford Down ram has a bold masculine head; the poll well covered with wool and the forehead adorned by a topknot; ears self-coloured, upright, and of See also:

• FAIR

fair length; face of uniform dark brown colour; legs short, dark, and free from spots; back level and chest wide;. and the fleece heavy and thick . The breed is popular in Oxford and other midland counties . Its most notable success in See also:

• RECENT

recent years is on the Scottish and English borders, where, at the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual ram sales at See also:

• KELSO

Kelso, a greater number of rams is auctioned of this than of any other breed, to cross with flocks of Leicester-Cheviot ewes especially, but also with Border Leicesters and three-parts-bred ewes . It is supplanting the Border Leicester as a sire of mutton sheep; for, although its progeny is slower in reaching maturity, tegs can be fed to greater weights in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring -65 to 68 lb per carcass—without becoming too fat to be classed as finest quality . The Southd own, from the short close pastures upon the chalky soils of the South Downs in See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex, was formerly known as the Sussex Down . In past times it did for the improvement of the shortwool breeds of sheep very much the same See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• WORK

work that the Leicester performed in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the longwool breeds . A pure-bred Southdown sheep has a small head, with a light brown or brownish grey .(often See also:

• MOUSE

mouse-coloured) face, fine See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone, and a symmetrical, well-fleshed body .

The legs are short and neat, the animal being of small size compared with the other Down sheep . The fleece is of fine, close, short wool, and the mutton is excellent . " Underhill " flocks that have been kept for generations in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Anglia, on the See also:

• WEALD, THE

Weald, and on See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat meadow land in other parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, have assumed a heavier type than the original " Upperdown " sheep . It was at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time thought not to be a See also:

• RENT

rent-paying breed, but modern See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market requirements have brought it well within that See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category . The Shropshire is descended from the old native sheep of the Salopian hills, improved by the use of South down blood . Though heavier in fleece and a bulkier animal, the Shropshire resembles an enlarged Southdown . As distinguished from the latter, however, the Shropshire has a darker face, blackish brown as a See also:

• RULE

rule, with very neat ears, whilst its head is more massive, and is better covered with wool on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top and at the sides . This breed has made rapid strides in recent years, and it has acquired favour in Ireland as well as abroad . It is an early-maturity breed, and no other Down produces a better back to handle for See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition—the See also:

• FRAME

frame is so thickly covered with flesh and fat . The Hampshire Down is another breed which owes much of its improved See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character to an infusion of Southdown blood . Early in the 19th century the old Wiltshire white-faced horned sheep, with a scanty coat of hairy wool, and the See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

Knot,roamed over the downs of their native counties . Only a remnant of the former under the name of the Western sheep survives in a pure state, but their cross descendants are seen in the modern Hampshire Down, which originated by blending them with the Southdown .

Early maturity and great size have been the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects aimed at and attained, this breed, more perhaps than any other, being identified with early maturity . One reason for this is the early date at which the ewes take the ram . Whilst heavier than the Shropshire, the Hampshire Down sheep is less symmetrical . It has a black face and legs, a big head with Roman nose, darkish ears set well back, and a broad level back (especially over the shoulders) nicely filled in with lean See also:

• MEAT

meat . The Dorset Down or See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Country Down, " a middle type of Down sheep pre-eminently suited to See also:

• DORSETSHIRE (DORSET)

Dorsetshire," is a local variety of the Hampshire Down breed, separated by the formation of a Dorset Down sheep society in 1904, about eighty years after the type of the breed had been established . The Suffolk is another Down, which took its origin about 1 790 in the crossing of improved Southdown rams with ewes of the old black-face Horned Norfolk, a breed still represented by a limited number of animals . The characteristics of the latter are retained in the black face and legs of the Suffolk, but the horns have been bred out . The fleece is moderately short, the wool, being of close, fine, lustrous fibre, without any tendency to See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat .. The limbs,,woolled to the knees and hocks, are clean below . The. breed is distinguished by having the smoothest and blackest face and legs of all the Down breeds and no wool on the head . Although it handles hard on the back when fat, no breed except the old Horned Norfolk equals it in producing a See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle cut of mutton with such an abundance of lean red meat in proportion to fat . It carried off the highest honours in the dressed carcass. competition at See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago in 1903, and the championship in the " See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block test "at Smithfield See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club Show was won for the five years 1902–1906 by Suffolks or Suffolk cross See also:

• LAMBS

lambs from big-framed Cheviot ewes .

In 1907, the championship went to a Cheviot wether, but in the two pure, short-woolled classes all the ten awards were secured by Suffolks, . and in the two cross-bred wether classes nine of the ten awards went to a Suffolk cross . The mutton of all the Down breeds is of superior quality, but that of the Suffolk is pre-eminently so . The Cheviot takes its name from the range of hills stretching along the boundary between England and Scotland, on both sides of which the breed now extends, though larger types are produced in East See also:

• LOTHIAN

Lothian and in Sutberlandshire . The Cheviot is a hardy sheep with straight wool, of moderate length and very close-set, whilst wiry white hair covers the face and legs . Put to the Border Leicester ram the Cheviot See also:

• EWE

ewe produces the falj-bred, which as a breeding ewe is unsurpassed as a rent-paying, arable-land sheep . The Scotch Black face breed is chiefly reared in Scotland, but it is of N. of England origin . Their greater hardiness, as compared with the Cheviots, has brought them into favour upon the higher grounds, of the N. of England and. of Scotland, where they thrive unon heather hills and coarse and exposed grazing lands . The colour of face and legs is well-defined black and white, the black predominating . The spiral horns are See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low at the See also:

• CROWN

crown, with a clear space between the roots, and sweep in a wide curve, sloping slightly backwards, and clear of the cheek . The See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion-able fleece is down to the ground, hairy and strong, and of uniform quality throughout . The Lonk has its home amongst the moorlands of N . See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire and the W .

See also:

• RIDING

Riding of Yorkshire, and it is the largest of the mountain breeds of the N. of England and Scotland . It bears most resemblance to the Scotch Black-face, but carries a finer, heavier fleece, and is larger in.head . , Its face and legs are mottled black and white, and its horns are strong . The tail is long and rough . The Herdwick is the hardiest of all the breeds thriving upon the poor mountain land in Cumberland and See also:

• WESTMORLAND
• WESTMORLAND, EARLS OF

Westmorland . The rams sometimes have small, curved, wide horns like those of the Cheviot ram . The colour of the fleece is white, with a few darkish spots here and there; the faces and legs are dark in the lambs, gradually becoming white or light grey in a few years . The wool is strong and coarse, standing up round the shoulders and down the breast like a mane . The forehead has a topknot, and the tail is well covered . The Limestone is a breed of which little is heard . It is almost restricted to the fells of Westmorland, and is probably nearly related to the Scotch Black-face . The breed does not thrive off its own See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formation, and the ewes seek the ram early in the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season .

The so-called " Limestones " of the Derbyshire hills are really Leicesters . The Welsh Mountain .is a small, active, soft-woolled, white-faced breed of hardy character . The legs are often yellowish, and this colour may extend to the face . The mutton is of excellent quality . The ewes, although difficult to confine by ordinary fences, are in 'high favour in lowland districts for. breeding fattening lambs to Down and other early maturity rams . The Clun Forest is a local breed in W . Shropshire and the adjacent part of Wales . It is descended from the old Tan-faced sheep . It is now three parts Shropshire, having been much crossed with that breed, but its wool is rather coarser . The Radnor is short-limbed and low-set with speckled face and legs . It is related to the Clun Forest and the Kerry Hill sheep . The draft ewes of all three breeds are in high demand for breeding to Down and longwool rams in the English midlands .

The Ryeland breed is so named from the Ryelands, a poor upland district in See also:

• HEREFORDSHIRE

Herefordshire . It is a very old breed, against which the Shropshires have made substantial headway . Its superior qualities in wool and mutton See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production have been fully demonstrated, and a demand for rams is springing up in S. as well as in N . America . The Ryeland sheep are small, hornless, have white faces and legs, and remarkably fine short wool, with a topknot on the forehead . The Dartmoor, a hardy local Devonshire breed, is a large horn-less, longwool, white-fleeced sheep, with a long mottled face . It has been attracting See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention in recent years . The Exmoor is a horned breed of Devonshire moorland, one of the few remaining remnants of See also:

• DIRECT

direct descent from the old forest breeds of England . They have white legs and faces and black nostrils . The coiled horns See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie more closely to the head than in the Dorset and Somerset Horn breed . The Exmoor's have a close, fine fleece of short wool . They are very hardy, and yield mutton of choice flavour .

The Dorset and Somerset Horn is an old west-country breed of sheep . The fleece is fine in quality, of close texture, and the wool is intermediate between long and short, whilst the head carries a forelock . Both sexes have horns, very much coiled in the ram . The muzzle, legs and hoofs are white; the nostrils pink . This is a hardy breed, in size somewhat exceeding the Southdown . The See also:

• SPECIAL

special characteristic of the breed is that the ewes take the ram at an unusually early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the year, and See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast ewes are in demand for breeding See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

lamb for See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas . Two crops of lambs in a year are sometimes obtained from the ewes, although it does not pay to keep such rapid breeding up regularly . The Merino is the most widely distributed sheep in the world.See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years . They thrive well there, as they do everywhere, but they are wool-sheep which produce slowly a secondary quality of mutton—thin and blue in appearance . The Merino resemble the Dorset Horn breed . The rams possess large coiling horns—the ewes may or may not have them . The muzzle is flesh-coloured and the face covered with wool .

The wool, densely set on a wrinkled skin, is white and generally fine, al-though it is classified into long, short, fine and strong . Merino cross with early-maturity longwool, Down, or other close-wooled rams, are good butchers' sheep, and most of the frozen mutton imported into the United Kingdom has had more or less of a merino origin . (W . FR.; R . W.) Lowland Sheep-breeding and Feeding.—A Shropshire flock of about two hundred breeding ewes is here taken as a typical example of the numerous systems of managing sheep on a mixed See also:

• FARM

farm of grazing and arable land . The ewes lamb from early in See also:

• JANUARY

January till the end of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . The lambs have the shelter of a lambing See also:

• SHED

shed for a few days . When drafted to an adjoining See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field they run in front of their mothers and get a little crushed oats and See also:

• LINSEED

linseed cake See also:

• MEAL

meal, the ewes receiving kail or roots and See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay to develop milk . Swedes gradually give place to mangolds, See also:

• RYE

rye and See also:

• CLOVER

clover before the end of See also:

• APRIL

April, when shearing of the ewe flock begins, to be finished early in May . At this time unshorn lambs are dipped and dosed with one of See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper's tablets of See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur-See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip material to destroy See also:

• INTERNAL

internal parasites . The operation is repeated in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . The lambs are weaned towards the end of See also:

• JUNE

June and the ewes run on the poorest pasture till See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August to lose surplus fat .

In August the ewes are culled and the flock made up to its full numbers by selected shearling ewes . All are assorted and mated to suitable rams . Most of the older ewes take the ram in September, but See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden ewes are kept back till See also:

• OCTOBER

October . During the rest of the year the ewes run on grass and receive hay when necessary, with a limited amount of dry artificial food daily, a lb each, gradually rising as they grow heavy in lamb to i lb per See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Turnips before lambing, if given in liberal quantities, are an unsafe food . To increase the number of doubles, ewes are sometimes put on good fresh grass, See also:

• RAPE
• RAPE (from Lat. rapere, to seize)
• RAPE (Lat. rapum or rapa, turnip)

rape or See also:

• MUSTARD

mustard a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week before the tups go out—a ram to sixty ewes is a usual proportion, though with care a See also:

• STUD

stud ram can be got to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle twice the number . With good management twenty ewes of any of the lowland breeds should produce and See also:

• REAR

rear See also:

• THIRTY

thirty lambs, and the proportion can be increased by breeding from ewes with a prolific tendency . The period of gestation of a ewe is between 21 and 22 See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, and the period of oestrum 24 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . If not settled the ewe comes back to the ram in from 13 to 18 (usually 16) days . To indicate the time or times of tupping three See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours of paint are used . The breast of the ram is rubbed daily for the first fortnight with blue, for a similar period with red, and finally with black . Fattening tegs usually go on to soft turnips in the end of September or beginning of October, and later on to yellows, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green-rounds and swedes and, in spring and early summer, mangolds .

The roots are cut into fingers and supplemented by an See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance of concentrated food made up of a mixture of ground cakes and meal, lb rising to about % lb; and lb to r lb of hay per day . The dry substance consumed per See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo lb live weight in a ration of lb cake and See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, 12 lb roots and I lb hay daily, would be 161 lb per week, and this gives an increase of nearly 2% live weight or i lb of live weight increase for 84 lb of dry food eaten . Sheep See also:

• FINISHING

finishing at 135 lb live weight yield about 53 % of carcass or over 70 lb each . Management of Mountain Breeds.—Ewes on natural pastures receive no hand feeding except a little hay when See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow deeply covers the ground . The rams come in from the hills on the 1st of January and are sent to See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter on turnips . Weak ewes, not safe to survive the hardships of spring, are brought in to better pasture during February and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March . Ewe hogs wintered on grass in the low country from the 1st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November are brought home in April, and about the middle of April on the See also:

• AVERAGE

average mountain ewes begin to lamb . One lamb at weaning time for every ewe is rather over the normal amount of produce . Cheviot and cross-bred lambs are marked, and the males are castrated, towards the end of May . Nearly a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month later black-face lambs are marked and the eild sheep are shorn—the shearing of milch ewes being delayed till the second week of See also:

• JULY

July . Towards the end of July sheep are all dipped to protect them from maggot flies (which are generally worst during August) with materials containing arsenic and sulphur, like that of Cooper and Bigg . Fat wethers for the See also:

• BUTCHER

butcher are drafted from the hills in August and the two succeeding months .

Lamb sales are most numerous in August, when lowland farmers secure their tegs to feed in winter . In this month breeding ewes recover condition and strength to withstand the winter storms . Ram See also:

• AUCTIONS

auctions are on in September and draft ewe sales begin and continue through October . Early this month winter dipping is done at midday in dry See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . Early in November stock sheep having lost the distinguishing " buist " put on at clipping time with a large See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter dipped in hot See also:

• TAR

tar, have the distinctive paint or See also:

• KIEL

kiel See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark claimed by the farm to which they belong rubbed on the wool . The rams are I turned out to the hills between the 15th and the 24th of November . —a . _ . -..'r'""_,^,See also:

• YAM

yam,_ +•;.-~., - '?C i~Y-++`c.:- •i . From a photo in See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Robert' See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace's See also:

• FARRAR, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1831-1903)

Farrar Live Stock of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (4th edition) . See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

Champion Merino Ram . It has been the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation stock of the flocks of all the great sheep countries .

A few have existed in Britain See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur more than a Lowland rams put to breed half-bred and cross lambs receive about 1 lb of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain daily to prevent their falling off too rapidly in condition, as they would do if exclusively supported on mountain fare .