See also:

• SHIITES (from Arab. shi`a, a party, and then a sect)

SHIITES (from Arab. shi`a, a party, and then a See also:

• SECT

sect)  , the name of one of the two See also:

• GREAT

great religious divisions of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam . The See also:

• SHIITES (from Arab. shi`a, a party, and then a sect)

Shiites hold that the imamate and See also:

• CALIPHATE

caliphate belong to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet (Muhammad) alone, and so to `All, Mahomet's son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and his successors . After the See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration on the claims of `All and Moawiya to the caliphate (A.D . 658), two great parties emerged from the strife of feeling caused in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East by the deposition of `All.' Those who were known as the Kharijites, being mainly See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, were democratic, and claimed that the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph was elective, and that the caliph might be chosen from any Arab Moslem See also:

• FAMILY

family . In strong opposition to these stood the party afterwards called the Shiites, who regarded `All and his descendants as the only rightful caliphs . For them the caliphate was a See also:

• GOD

God-given office, and not one to be given by human See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment . Belief in this was an See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of God, an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of the faith . He who did not accept it as such was an unbeliever., Moreover, the party consisted largely of Persians who on their See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to Islam brought with them many of the doctrines of their old faith, religious and See also:

• POLITICAL

political . Among these was the belief in the divinity of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign and the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of worshipping him . Gnostic elements, which may have come from the old See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion of Babylonia, were also introduced . The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• PERSONAL

personal and hereditary See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy was thus See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed among the subjects of `All . But in Islam ' For these and following events see CALIPHATE.there is no separation between politics and See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology .

The theological position of the Shiites was that the superhuman See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Mahomet descended to the members of his house (`All and his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children), so that they could interpret the will of God and tell future events . The See also:

• IMAM

imam was infallible and a See also:

• MANDI

mandi or See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide for See also:

• LIFE

life . What the imam gained the See also:

• KORAN

Koran lost, and many of the Shiites held the Mu`tazilite or rationalistic oainion of the created nature of the sacred See also:

• BOOK

book . The growth of the Shiites was fostered by the great discontent of the eastern See also:

• HALF

half of the caliphate with Omayyad See also:

• RULE

rule (see CALIPHATE, and See also:

• PERSIA

PERSIA: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . Before See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long an active propaganda was started, and leaders (often adventurers) arose who formed parties and founded sects of their own in the ranks of the Shiites . One of the earliest of these was `Abdallah See also:

• IBN

ibn Saba (founder of the Saba`iyya), who in the caliphate of See also:

• OTHMAN (c. 574-656)

Othman had preached the return of Mahomet (founded on Koran See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii . 84), had been concerned in the assassination of Othman, and had proclaimed the divinity of `All, but had been disowned and punished by him . On `All's See also:

• DEATH

death he declared the See also:

• THUNDER

thunder to be the See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, and the See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning the See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge of the translated caliph, and announced that his divine power had passed to his successors, the imams . Another See also:

• SECT

sect, the Kaisaniyya, followed Kaisan, a freedman of `All, in believing in the superhuman knowledge of Mahommed ibn Hanaflyya, a son of `All but not by Fatima . Religion for these was obedience not to law but to a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . When the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of a hidden imam arose, they differed from the Saba`iyya in expecting his return from his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of concealment on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, not from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven . Among them an adventurer Mokhtar (Mukhtar) had a large following for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time .

He taught the mutability both of the knowledge and of the will of God—a development of Mahomet's own teaching . He claimed to fight to avenge the death of Hosain (see See also:

• HASAN

HASAN AND HOSAIN) and to serve Mabommed ibn Hanaflyya, who, however, disowned him . He was killed. in 687 . Some of the Shiite leaders, as See also:

• ABU

Abu Moslim, when renounced by the members of the house of `All, transferred their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the house of `Abbas (see See also:

• RAWENDIS

RAWENDIS) . The success of the See also:

• ABBASIDS

Abbasids in supplanting the Omayyads was largely due to the help of the Shiites, and the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Abbasid caliphs, to the time of Motawakkil, were half-Shiites of a lax See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . See also:

• SHAHRASTANI [Abu'l-Fath Mahommed ibn `Abdalkarim ush-Shahrastani] (1076 or 1086—1153)

Shahrastani (q.v.) in his Book on the Sects (Kitab Mild wan-Nihal, ed . See also:

• CURETON, WILLIAM (1808-1864)

Cureton, pp. See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log ff.; Haarbriicker's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, vol. i. pp . 164 ff.) divides the Shiites into five See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main divisions: the Kaisaniyya, the Zaidivva, the Imamlyya, the Ghallyya and the Isma`illyya . Of these the Ghallyya are represented by the followers of Ibn Saba (see above), and the Kaisanlyya have been already described . These parties as such have now ceased to exist, the others still remain . The Zaidites' or Zaidiyya are the followers of Zaid, a See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Hosain, and are the most moderate of the Shiites, for though holding that the imamate belongs only to the descend-ants of `All by Fatima, and that any of these might be imam (even though two or three should ,be in existence at the same time), they allow that circumstances might justify the appointment of another caliph for the time .. Thus they acknowledge the imamate of Abu Bekr and See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar, though `All was more entitled to the office .

One See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Zaidites held Tabaristan from 864 until overturned by the See also:

• SAMANIDS

Samanids in 928; another branch, arising about 893 in See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen, has remained there until the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The Isma`ilites or Isma`illyya are the followers of See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail, the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son of Ja`far us-Sadlq, the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth imam (see table below) . He was rejected as successor by his See also:

• FATHER

father for drinking See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine; and his party might soon have disappeared if he had not served as imam for the adventurous sceptic . `Abdallah ibn Maimun (for his propaganda see See also:

• CARMATHIANS (QARMATHIANS, KARMATHIANS)

CARMATHIANS) . Owing to the success of this See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man the Isma`llites have given rise to the Carmathians (q.v.), the See also:

• FATIMITES
• FATIMITES, or FATIMIDES

Fatimites (q.v.), the Assassins (q.v.) and the See also:

• DRUSES
• DRUSES, or DRUZES (Arab. Druz)

Druses (q.v.) . At the present time the Isma`iliyya still exist in small See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, chiefly about See also:

• SURAT

Surat and Bombay . The Imamlyya believe that each imam has been definitely named by his predecessor . This party See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke up into numerous divisions, and imams See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest or hidden secured each his own following . The most important of these parties is that of the Twelve (the Ithna`ashariyya), who accept and follow the twelve descendants of `All numbered in the accompanying table . i . 'See also:

• ALI

Ali (d . 661) 1 I 2 .

H lsan (d . 669) 3 . I3osain (d . 68o) Mahommed ibn ul-Hanafiyya Z aid . 4 . 'Ali called Zain I 1-Abidin (d. c . 711) 5 . Mahomlmed ul-Baqir (d . 736) (Abu Ja'far ul-Baqir) . 6 . Ja'far us-$adiq (d . 765) Ism 1 'il 7 .

M i sa Kazim (d. c . 799) . 8 . 'Ali ul-Reza (Riza) (d . 818) . 9 . Mahommed ul-Jawad (d . 834) . to . 'Ali ul-'Ai kari (d . 868) . 11 .

Hasan ul-'Askari (d . 874) . 12 . Mahommed ul-Mandi . The twelfth imam Mahommed is said to have vanished and to be in hiding, but will be restored by God to his See also:

• PEOPLE

people, when it pleases Him . The creed of this party was introduced into Persia in 1502, when the Safawids conquered the country, and still remains its See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official creed . The shah is thus only the temporary substitute for the hidden imam; and authoritative decisions in religious matters are pronounced by Mujtahids, i.e. theologians who can See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form their own opinions and require obedience to their decisions . Other points in which Shiites differ from See also:

• SUNNITES

Sunnites depend on their legitimistic opinions, or are accommodations of the See also:

• RITES

rites of Islam to the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, or else are See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty Shiite matters affecting ceremonial . The rejection of all the tenets . Sunnite books of tradition goes with the repudiation of the caliphs under whose See also:

• PROTECTION

protection these were handed down . The Shiites, however, have their own collections of traditions . An allegorical and mystical See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation reconciles the words of the Koran with the inordinate respect paid to 'Ali; the Sunnite doctrine of the uncreated Koran is denied .

To the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession " There is no god but God and Mahomet is His See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador " they add " and 'All is the viceregent of God " (wali, properly " confidant ") . There are some modifications in detail as to the four main religious duties of Islam—the prescriptions of See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual purity, in particular, being made the main duty of the faithful . The prayers are almost exactly the same, but to take See also:

• PART

part in public See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship is not obligatory, as there is at present no legitimate imam whose authority can See also:

• DIRECT

direct the See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer of the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation . See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

Pilgrimage to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca may be per-formed by a hired substitute, or its place can be taken by a visit to the tombs of Shiite See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints, e.g. that of `Ali at See also:

• NEJEF, or MESHED

Nejef, of Ilosain at See also:

• KERBELA

Kerbela, of Re .a at See also:

• MESHED (properly Mash-had, " the place of martyrdom ")

Meshed, or of the " unstained Fatima " at I~um (Fatima-i-ma'aum, daughter of Musa, the 7th imam) . The Shiites are much the most zealous of Moslems in the worship of saints (real or supposed descendants of 'Ali) and in pilgrimages to their See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves, and they have a characteristic eagerness to be buried in those See also:

• HOLY

holy places . The Persians have an hereditary love for pomps and festivities, and so the Shiites have devised many religious feasts . Of these the great sacrificial feast ('id-i-Qurban; See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish Qurban See also:

• BAIRAM

Bairam) is also Sunnite; the first ten days of the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month Moharram are dedicated to the See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning for the death of Hosain at Kerbela (q.v.), which is celebrated by See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion-plays (ta'ziya), while the universal joy of the Nauroz, or the New See also:

• YEAR

Year of the Old Persian See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar, receives a Mahommedan See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction by the tradition that on this day the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet conferred the caliphate on 'Ali . While they naturally reject the four Sunnite See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, the Shiites also derive all law from the Koran, and their trained See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy (mollahs) are the only class that can give legitimate legal responses . The training of the mollah resembles that of the Sunnite `alim . The course at the madrasa (medresse) embraces See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, with some See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric and See also:

• PROSODY (Gr. rpovwSta)

prosody, See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, dogmatic Koran exegesis, tradition and jurisprudence, and finally some See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic and See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra . The best madrasa is at Kerbela . The See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar discharged from his studies becomes first a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple mollah, i.e. See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge and See also:

• NOTARY, or NOTARY PUBLIC

notary .

A small place has one such judge, larger towns a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges under a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head called the See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

sheikh ul-Islam . The place of the Sunnite muftis is filled by certain of the imam-jum`a, i.e. presidents of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief mosques in the leading towns, who in respect of this See also:

• FUNCTION

function See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of imam mujtahid . This is a dignity conferred by the tacit consent of people and clergy, and is held at one time only by a very few distinguished men . In Persia, the See also:

• CADI (g¢di)

cadi (kagi) is an inferior judge who acts for the sheikh u '1-Islam in See also:

• SPECIAL

special cases, and a See also:

• MUFTI

mufti is a See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor acting under the judge to prepare cases for See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . Under the Safawids, when the clergy had great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, they had at their head the sadru 's-sodur, who administered all pious See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations and was the highest judicial authority . But so great a power was found dangerous; 'Abbas the Great (1586-1628) abstained from filling up a vacancy which occurred in it, and, though Shah Safi (1628-1641) restored the office, he placed it in See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission . See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

Nadir Shah abolished it in•his See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to get rid of the Shiite See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy (1736), and since then it has not been restored . Yet the imam-jum'a of See also:

• ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan, the old Safawi See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, is tacitly regarded as representative of the invisible imam of the house of `Ali, who is the true head of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . Various vain attempts were made in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century to sub-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate the authority of the clergy to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Outside the clergy the greatest influence in, religious matters is that exercised by the dervishes (q.v.) . As it was long necessary to profess orthodoxy for fear of the Arabs, it came to be an established Shiite doctrine that it is lawful to deny one's faith in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of danger . This " caution " (taqiya) or " concealment " (ketman) has become a second nature with the Persians .

Another mischievous thing is the permission of temporary marriages= marriages for a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours on a See also:

• MONEY

money See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment . This legitimized harlotry (mot'a) is forbidden by the Sunna, but the Shiites allow it, and the mollahs adjust the See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract and See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share the See also:

• WOMEN

women's profits . There is still See also:

• MENTAL

mental life and vigour among the Shiites, as appears among the sects, which, See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance being made for " taqiya," See also:

• PLAY

play no inconsiderable part . The Akhbaris (traditionalists), who adopt a semi philosophical way of explaining away the plainest doctrines (such as the resurrection of the flesh) on the authority of false traditions of are not so much a sect as a school of theology within the same See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale as the orthodox Shia or Mujtahids . A real dissenting sect, however, is the Sheikhls, of whose doctrines we have but imperfect and discrepant accounts . Representatives of the old extreme Shiites, who held 'Ali for a divine incarnation, are found all over Persia in the `Ali Ilahi or `Ali-Allahi sect (" 'Ali deifiers ") . Finally, in the 19th century arose the remarkable attempt at reform known as See also:

• BABIISM

Babiism (q.v.) .