SHIPKA PASS  , in

Bulgaria, a pass in the Balkans, celebrated as the scene of fierce fighting in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 . The main road from Rumelia to Bulgaria, leading from Sistova by Tirnova and Eski Zagra to Adrianople, crosses the Balkans near the village of Shipka, and this passage was of necessity an important point in the Russian plan of operations . The road does not pass between high peaks, but crosses the main ridge at the highest point; it is therefore not a pass in the ordinary sense of the word . Near the summit, running parallel, and close to the road is a series of three ridges, some zoo ft. high, and about 2 M. from north to south, which formed the position for a force holding the pass . It was originally held by a Turkish force of about 4000 men with 12 guns, prepared to resist the Russian advance . On the 17th of July they repelled a feeble attack from the north, and the following day faced round and drove back an attack by Gurko from the south . These attacks were to have been simultaneous, but Gurko, having met with unexpected resistance, was a day late . Though so far successful, the Turks evacuated their strong position, and it was occupied by the Russians on the loth of July . They were first attacked by Suleiman Pasha towards the end of August . Having concentrated with Reouf Pasha and driven Gurko across the Balkans at the end of July, he moved to the Shipka on the morning of the 21st of August, and attacked . The Russian force there, including five battalions of Bulgarians, then numbered 5000, but that day a regiment from Selvi brought their numbers to 7500, and this force held the position against 30,000 Turks for three days, when heavy reinforcements arrived . The fighting continued till the morning of the 26th, when Suleiman, his troops being exhausted, and having lost zo,000 men, entrenched him-self in the position he then occupied in a semi-circle round the southern end of the Russian position .

Having called up more battalions from Yeni Zagra, after a four days'

artillery bombardment, he attacked on the 17th of September, and was repelled with a loss of 3000 men . There was no more fighting on the Shipka till the general advance of the Russians after the fall of Plevna . Radetzky's command of about 6o,000 men advanced from Gabrova on the 5th of January, in three columns . Radetzky, with the central column, moved by the main road and attacked the Turks, who still faced the position on the summit, while Skobelev and Mirski, crossing by trails some 3 m. to the west and east of the Turkish position, attacked their reserves on the far side, about Shipka and Shenova, where Vessil Pasha (who had succeeded Suleiman in command) had formed an entrenched camp . These flank columns made their way over the mountains, deep in snow . Mirski attacked alone on the 8th of January, as Skobelev's advance had been delayed, but the following day both columns attacked, and after fierce fighting the Turks surrendered . The force on the summit had that day repulsed, with heavy loss, a frontal attack by Radetzky, but they were included in the surrender . Their numbers were 36,000, including 6000 sick and wounded, and 93 guns . The Russian losses were 5500 . Not only were the Turkish attacks on the Shipka unsuccessful, but they were made without object . At the end of July, when Suleiman forced Gurko back over the Balkao.s, the moral equilibrium and the plan of operations of the Russians had been upset by the second battle of Plevna, and the Shipka ceased to have any strategical importance for the time being . Had Suleiman at that time followed up Gurko and joined Mehemet Ali, or moving round acted with Osman against the Russian flank, the evacuation of the Shipka would have been compulsory .

Suleiman, knowing nothing of

strategy, preferred to act independently, and his action was supported by the still more ignorant ministers at Constantinople . The Shipka was merely a geographical point until the Russians were prepared to advance, but, fortunately for them, the Turks chose to waste an army in fighting for it throughout the critical period of the operations . As with Osman at Plevna, it was Constantinople that forbade Vessil Mw sm.Mq a.x ELEVATION Fin . 125.-Screw Steering Gear . Pasha to withdraw his forces at the beginning of January, compelling him to wait to be swallowed up . The Turkish tactics were equally unsound . Suleiman divided his forces and used up his troops in costly frontal attacks on Mt . St Nicholas, the southern and strongest point of the position, whereas a well-supported flank attack would probably have met with success . The manner in which he sacrificed his men earned for him the name of the " Shipka butcher." (J . H . V .