SHIPPING  . To the floating See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log and See also:

• PADDLE

paddle of the primeval fisherman must doubtless be attributed the first beginning of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant shipping . The hollowing See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long serve to convert the embryo See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft into a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel navigable in the smooth and narrow See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters which lapped the shores of the Mediterranean and the far distant See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . The coastal villages had need of worked See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone knives, of beads and of skins for See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter coverings, to be obtained by See also:

• BARTER (from Fr. barater, to truck, to exchange)

barter for their See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt . Passing from See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement to settlement dotted on the See also:

• SHORE

shore, the traders found in the See also:

• LOCAL

local skiffs a convenient alternative to the rough and tedious tracks along the winding or indented See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . In course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they established themselves at the coastal settlements and built or See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased craft for their own use . As populations and their needs increased, the traders, gaining confidence by experience, built larger vessels and extended the See also:

• AREA

area of their barter, sailing in companies, for mutual safety and See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . Of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days of this See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic, as See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the East, we have but little See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, but in the Eastern seas, apparently, the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese usually came no farther than the coast of See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar . The See also:

• MALAYS

Malays seem in all ages to have traded with See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and probably with the coast of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . In the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean the Arabians were the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers . Greatest of all the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient navigators nearer to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West were the Phoenicians, the See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy sons of See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre and See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon . To the remarkable maritime ascendancy of Tyre See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel See also:

• XXVII

xxvii. bears eloquent testimony .

See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon's undertaking for the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple was largely founded on the support of Phoenician Hiram . Much later, but still some 2000 years ago, See also:

• SHIPS

ships had become a See also:

• COMMON

common means of transport and were of no small See also:

• SIZE

size, since the See also:

• CENTURION (Lat. centuria)

centurion charged with the See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome(Acts xxvii.) found at See also:

• MYRA (mod. Dembre)

Myra an Alexandrian See also:

• SHIP

ship about to See also:

• SAIL

sail with See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, which was able to take on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, besides the See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo, the whole of the See also:

• COMPANY

company, making a See also:

• TOTAL

total of 276 souls in all . Then, as now, ships were but links in a mighty See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce on the See also:

• LAND

land, a commerce for which the ports are the centres of collection and See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution . The products of India and See also:

• EUROPE

Europe were conveyed from east and west in stages by inland or coastal routes with which in their entirety India and Europe alike were unacquainted (See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent) . And, generally, in the ancient days ocean commerce ceased with the summer See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne goods from the distant east to the remote west found their way from entrep8t to entrep8t . These entrep8ts were great trading centres, the advantageous situation of See also:

• LONDON

London. for example, having before the days of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest marked it out as a convenient See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium for the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . The Phoenicians, especially, for centuries pushed their commerce farther and farther afield, establishing factories and trading ports which in time See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew into See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent settlements . See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz, the ancient Gadir, was one of such, and from Gadir or more northern settlements the Phoenicians visited See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, bartering merchandise for See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin at See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall or the Scilly Isles . Amongst the various nations of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, between whom the great shipping heritage of the Phoenicians was in course of time divided, the Rhodians See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to great importance . By these notable traders was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of maritime See also:

• LAWS

laws, many of which were embodied in the Roman See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and eventually, at or about the time of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard I., became a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for the Law of See also:

• OLERON

Oleron, which is in some See also:

• PART

part adopted at this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Emerging from the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant struggles in the Mediterranean and Adriatic, the Venetians, Genoese and Pisans attained to great prosperity and renown, the reputation of the Genoese as shipbuilders creating from time to time a demand for their ships on the part of the nations struggling for maritime supremacy in the channel and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Sea . The once See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar See also:

• ENGLISH

English word " See also:

• ARGOSY (a corruption, by transposition of letters, of the name of the seaport Ragusa)

argosy t' See also:

• DATES

dates from the appreciation of the vessels built at Arguze or See also:

• RAGUSA
• RAGUSA (Serbo-Croatian Dubrovnik)

Ragusa, a Dalmatian See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city on the Adriatic .

The proximity of Italy to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Land tended greatly to the prosperity of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian shipping . In very early days the commerce of northern Europe was principally carried on by inland routes . With the increase and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of the populations, the cities on the navigable See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and on the sea found the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of ocean commerce, and strove for supremacy in trade . In Britain many an ancient seaboard See also:

• TOWN

town, from See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol to far north See also:

• INVERNESS

Inverness, largely owing to the enterprise of the Flemish and the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German merchants, became important as a trading centre . The English merchants were not without ships, but the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign traders were enterprising and wealthy, and in their emulation for the renowned English See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and for English hides were prepared to venture much . In those days and for several centuries later the See also:

• HISTORY

history of shipping was a history of arbitrary restraints, of claims for exclusive rights of trading and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, and of pretexts of various kinds, resulting in captures and burnings, in embargoes and confiscations in See also:

• PORT

port and in fierce See also:

• REPRISALS (Fr. represailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back)

reprisals . The merchant-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man was a more or less armed vessel prepared alike for aggression or defence, a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of affairs to which has probably to be attributed the occasional construction of vessels of a See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage then remarkable . The ships of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands—of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French shipping for a considerable See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period there was comparatively little—homeward See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound from Indian ports and factories and from the New See also:

• WORLD

World's trading settlements from time to time were preyed on by one another . The Algerian and See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary corsairs, with nothing to lose and everything to gain in merchandise and captives, were the dread of all who sailed the seas from See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon to See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar—and indeed still farther north—and within the straits . The See also:

• INSURANCE

insurance of the voyagers against See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture and the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• MONEY

money for their See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom was a well-established See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the times . In England, the Cinque ports, in See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of valuable privileges, were specially engaged to hold vessels at the service of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, but on need arising the ports at large were called upon for ships and men . These demands at times became oppressive .

Thus we read that in 1371 it was complained in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament arty of a log and the addition of a skin sail would before history . that owing to the demands of the king the merchants were being ruined and their mariners driven into other trades . The size or measurement of ships was assessed on the basis of their capacity to carry tuns of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, the first step in the See also:

• PRESENT

present system of tonnage measurement . Ships sailed in fleets, one or more of their masters being appointed admirals, to be obeyed by all the company . In times of See also:

• SPECIAL

special maritime disturbance an armed See also:

• FLEET

fleet convoyed the merchantmen, much, no doubt, to the added cost of transport . The great source of England's See also:

• WEALTH

wealth was her wool, of which the abundance and fineness gave rise to a wide demand . Staples or licensed entrep8ts or marts were set up for this and other produce at certain towns in England and overseas, English merchants associating themselves at such foreign staples . In like manner foreign trading See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies located themselves under certain privileges and obligations at English marts, to the great increase of ship-ping, more especially of foreign bottoms . About the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century a considerable use sprang up for shipping in the See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage of See also:

• AFRICAN

African slaves to Portugal, their captors being the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors . In later years this See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy trade found large employment for the ships of See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, Bristol and London, trading with the distant west . Pilgrimages, too, were bringing profit to the ships, a constant stream of the devout with their offerings journeying on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand to the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James of Cornpostela and on the other to that of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury . From times remote the fishing industry produced a hardy See also:

• RACE

race of shipmen, the maritime nations being all more or less engaged in an enterprise rendered doubly lucrative by the want of flesh See also:

• MEAT

meat and the regulations of Holy See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church .

Thus in very early days the northern seas were thronged with See also:

• RIVAL

rival fishing fleets, which, from about the middle of the 15th century, began to find their way to the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close. of the 16th century the See also:

• WHALE

whale was being pursued by rival fishermen on the See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland coasts . See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, for the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of shipping and the increase of fishermen and mariners, forbade the eating of flesh on Wednesdays and Saturdays, an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order from time to time subsequently revived . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• RALEIGH
• RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (c. 1552-1618)

Raleigh, in his statement to King James, lamenting English commercial supineness as compared with the enterprise of the Dutch, declared that 20,000 vessels of all nations were engaged in fishing off the See also:

• BRITISH

British coasts, of which vessels the Dutch owned 3000; and no doubt they formed a valuable See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile and See also:

• NAVAL

naval school . The great discoveries of the renowned See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Portuguese navigators in the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII. awoke in the maritime states a new spirit of commercial enterprise and emulation, in which Henry and his successors took an active part . A royal See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of navigation and See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery was given to the Cabots, then settled at Bristol, and " See also:

• DIVERS

divers tall ships " of London, See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton and Bristol traded See also:

• DIRECT

direct with the Mediterranean ports, though the English merchants generally employed foreign vessels for this trade . A " tall" ship was apparently a vessel carrying topmast with yards and square sails, an important development of the simpler See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole-See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

mast rig of earlier times . Henry VIII. and See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of Spain entered into a See also:

• LEAGUE

league, primarily aimed at See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, under which it was agreed to See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police the seas in See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of their shipping, the English fleet to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch the sea to Gibraltar, and Spain to guard the Mediterranean . The See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation of the Trinity See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House was now established, in great part for the deepening of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames and to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply shipping with the See also:

• BALLAST (O. Swed. barlast, perhaps from bar, bare or mere, and last, load)

ballast gained in the See also:

• PROCESS

process, though the vessels actually London-owned were apparently few in number . Most English ships of burthen were then obtained by See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase at the South Baltic ports, where the great Hanse town, See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, was the centre of an enormous trade . The Hanse towns, indeed, practically carried on the trade of England . In the time of Elizabeth, England began to achieve commercial See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence .

Great building of ships took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, for which bounties were granted by the queen, and Elizabeth set herself against the Hanseatic league . At the close of her reign the See also:

• STEELYARD, MERCHANTS OF THE

Steelyard was shut up, and the Dutch were competing successfully with the Hanse towns, of which " most of their See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth were out and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest but loose." In the early days of commerce the risks were too considerable to be borne byindividuals, who accordingly associated themselves as companies of merchant adventurers for the purposes of their particular trade, exclusive rights and privileges being granted to them by their own See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, and corresponding facilities on the part of the foreign states or cities traded with . In England certain of these societies, notably the company of See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian merchants, the See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey merchants and, for long, the East India Company, occupied positions of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence and importance, the last-named company especially becoming possessed of much shipping, including large vessels, well armed, for See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize-making or defence . The needs of trade and shipping were for long but little under-stood and often arbitrarily obstructed, but as a broad See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general principle it was recognized by the See also:

• CROWN

crown that the See also:

• NATIONAL

national trading interests required for their protection special privileges and concessions . Thus the patent granted by Elizabeth to the African adventurers in 1588 was expressed to be on the ground that " the adventuring of a new trade cannot be a See also:

• MATTER

matter of small See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge and See also:

• HAZARD (0. Fr. hazard, from Span. czar, unlucky throw at dice, misfortune, from Arab. al, and zar, dice)

hazard to the adventurers in the beginning." At the middle of the 16th century See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp was at the See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of its great prosperity . It was described as the general See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-house of the world, and it was stated that so many as 2500 vessels might be seen lying in the See also:

• SCHELDT (Fr. Escaut, Flem. Schelde)

Scheldt at one time . These, however, were mainly foreign, Antwerp being a mart or emporium to which other nations traded . Towards the close of the century this great city's peaceful See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was, in the name of Holy Church, crushed under the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• HEEL

heel of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Spain . Its traders fled from See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture largely to See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, about this time the northern entrep6t for Portugal's East India trade . The Hollanders, profiting by the decline of the Hanse towns, were now greatly devoting themselves to See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding and to foreign trade . They, like the English, hampered in their navigation by hostile and unfriendly occupation of the ports of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge and supply at the two great See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern capes, were See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent on discovering a north-east or north-west passage to the East . This enterprise and the See also:

• DESIRE

desire for gems and See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals, as to the existence and abundance of which there were many false beliefs, added greatly to the knowledge of the distant seas and shores, on which many settlements were being established .

To such settlements the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the French was now directed, with much encouragement to their shipping by the powerful See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu . The East Indian settlements and shipping of the Portuguese were being persistently harassed by the advancing Dutch, while the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich treasure ships of Spain were laid wait for and captured by English shipping, greatly to the Spanish loss . But the Dutch especially were prospering . Amsterdam, a vast trade centre supplied by Dutch shipping, had between 1571 and 165o trebled itself in size . So far back as 1603 Sir Walter Raleigh, in his statement to King James, had complained that the vessels of the Dutch, by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of their greater capacity and smaller crews and consequently See also:

• LOWER

lower freights, were cutting out the English ships or See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving them into the See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle See also:

• COAL

coal trade . By such enterprise the Hollanders gradually became the carriers for the English merchants . English bottoms were neglected and English See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen took service with the Dutch . Affairs for English shipping had about 165o reached a crisis . There existed, moreover, great animosity between the English and the Hollanders . In the defence of the national shipping the great Navigation See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act was in 1651 placed upon the British See also:

• STATUTE

statute-See also:

• BOOK

book . Under this far-reaching act the trade between England and her colonies and the British See also:

• COASTING

coasting trade was strictly ;on:Act confined to English bottoms, English owned and 1651, manned substantially by English seamen . The act contained further provisions in support of British shipping, the effect of which was greatly to See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice foreign shipping in its competition for the British carrying trade .

It is not impossible that some of the regulations of the act may have proceeded from the animosity already mentioned (See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith) . From the point of view of the Dutch, indeed, it was a " vile act and order," to be resisted at all See also:

• COSTS

costs . From the prolonged hostilities which ensued England finally emerged supreme at sea . For some time the French, under the powerful encouragement of Richelieu and English progress . subsequently of See also:

• COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683)

Colbert, had been devoting themselves to colonial enterprises both across the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic and in distant India, to the eventual important increase of French shipping, whilst on the other hand Spanish shipping was declining . As the result of the Navigation Act and its successful maintenance a great increase had taken place in English tonnage, which in 1688 was said to be nearly See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double that of 1666 . In the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with France this increase was greatly in favour of her privateers, which in two years are stated to have captured 3000 British ships as against but 67 which were taken from France, a result in part attributable to her employment of Dutch vessels . About this time Inverness, long devoted to shipbuilding, had obtained a high reputation for its ships . In 1701 England's private shipping numbered 3281 vessels, of a total burthen of 261,222 tons and carrying 566o guns, London leading with 56o ships of 84,882 tons, Bristol coming next with 165 of 17,338 1011S, Liverpool being seventh on the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list with 102 ships . See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty years later London's ships 18th had increased to 1417, ranging from 15 tons to a great CR°tury' ship of 750 tons owned by the South Sea Company, but the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority measured less than 200 tons . In 1765 we read that the Dutch, Danish and See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish ships were generally larger than the English vessels and that they had succeeded in ousting England as the See also:

• CARRIER
• CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1956-1794)

carrier of Lisbon's Mediterranean trade . In 1714 an act was passed, and at subsequent dates revived, offering public rewards for improved methods of ascertaining See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude at sea, and See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison (" that See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven taught artist" ) received in all £20,000 for the invention of a chronometer which was successful to a degree of accuracy beyond that for which the act provided .

Towards the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 18th century the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations were laid of the present great shipping industry on the Great Lakes . See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak See also:

• TIMBER

timber of large size was now becoming scarce in England, and in the interests of the See also:

• NAVY

navy restrictions were placed upon the East India Company as regards its use . British merchant shipping, too, had apparently outgrown the supply of seamen, for towards the close of the century it was permitted to British vessels to carry foreign seamen to the extent of three-fourths of the See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew . The traffic in African negroes gave much employment to British shipping . The war with See also:

• AMERICA

America led to the harrying of British commerce by See also:

• AMERICAN

American privateers cruising off the English coasts . War premiums were very high and the insurance obtainable was insufficient . Partly on this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account and partly owing to the fact that about 10oo British vessels had been taken up for transport and other public services, whilst many more were sailed as privateers, the Thames was now full of foreign vessels loading British cargoes . During the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from the West Indies of the British fleet under See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron, engaged in conveying homewards the West Indian merchantmen, two valuable British islands were captured by the French . The hostilities of the rival states were being fought out at sea, with peaceful commerce as their See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective . The seas swarmed with privateers, armed and equipped as sordid speculative enterprises, occasional rich prizes stimulating the greed of many citizens, not a few of them, no doubt, the owners of ships and merchandise which had in like manner fallen to the enemy . The French See also:

• PRIVATEER

privateer " Bordelais," captured by the English in 1799, is reported to have taken in four years 164 prizes, of the See also:

• NET

net value of £1,000,000 See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling (See also:

• MAHAN, ALFRED THAYER (1840- )

Mahan) . Between May 17 56 and See also:

• JULY

July 17 57 a total of 772 French vessels was captured by the British, whilst 637 British ships were taken by the French .

It was declared in the House of Lords in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1778 that the value of the British captures of American vessels had amounted to £1,808,000, against which that of British shipping captured by America had been £1,800,000 . Towards the close of the prolonged hostilities which concluded in 1815 Liverpool and See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow were holding public meetings and urging upon the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty and the See also:

• THRONE

throne that they were being ruined by the want of protection to their shipping . In 1786 an act was passed (26 Geo . III. c . 86) for the encouragement of shipping, in which the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal liability of shipowners, till then unlimited, was in certain cases of their loss of cargo now limited to the value of the vessel and her See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight, the first of progressive acts of thelike nature . See also:

• SMUGGLING

Smuggling was for long the cause of serious loss to the national See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, and an act was passed declaring forfeited any British sloops or cutters found within four leagues of the coast if provided with a bowsprit exceeding two-thirds of the vessel in length (27 Geo . III. c . 32) . In 1797 the English and Scottish private vessels numbered together 12,995 of 1,385,252 tons burthen . With respect to tonnage, in the days of wooden vessels the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of cargo which a ship was capable of carrying was about See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to her own displacement or breaking-up weight . Nowadays, owing to See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel construction and the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller See also:

• CROSS

cross-See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section in ship designing, the carrying capacity of a cargo steamer is reported to be about double, or even more than double, the ship's own weight; but types of steamers of course vary . The Board of Trade ton is 100 cub. ft., purely a measure of permanently covered in space, and not to be confounded with the ship's capacity to carry dead-weight, of which capacity the registered tonnage is consequently not to be regarded as an See also:

• INDEX

index .

For the purpose of a rough and ready calculation, however, the dead-weight carrying capacity of an See also:

• AVERAGE

average cargo steamer may be taken to be about twice that of her net registered tonnage or a little more . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• OBJECT

object of fixing and registering the See also:

• GROSS

gross and net tonnage is the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a basis of See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment for tonnage dues and for liability for payment of See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages caused by wrongful navigation or otherwise . The present diversity in the designs of steamships is in no small degree due to a desire on the part of shipowners to possess vessels which with a minimum of registered tonnage shall provide a maximum of cargo space . The close of the 18th century was marked, especially in America, by