SIBYLS I (Sibyllae)  , the name given by the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans to certain See also:

• WOMEN

women who prophesied under the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration of a deity . The inspiration manifested itself outwardly in distorted features, foaming mouth and frantic gestures . See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer does not refer to a Sibyl, nor does See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus . The first See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writer, so far as we know, who does so is Heraclitus (c . 500 B.C.) . As to the number and native countries of the Sibyls much diversity of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion prevailed . See also:

• PLATO

Plato only speaks of one, but in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the number increased to ten according to Lactantius 1 The word is usually derived from Eco-poXTa, the Doric See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form od e€ mall (= will of See also:

• GOD

God) . (quoting from See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro) : the Babylonian or See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian, the Libyan, the Cimmerian, the Delphian, the Erythraean, the Samian, the Cumaean, the Hellespontine, the Phrygian and the Tiburtine . The Sibyl of whom we hear most is the Erythraean, generally identified with the Cumaean, whom See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas consulted before his descent to the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• WORLD

world (Aeneid, vi . 1o); it was she who sold . to Tarquin the Proud the Sibylline books . She first offered him nine; when he refused them, she burned three and offered him the remaining six at the same See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price; when he again refused them, she burned three more and offered him the remaining three still at the same price . Tarquin then bought them (See also:

• DION

Dion .

Halic. iv . 62) . He entrusted them to the care of two See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians; after 367 B.C. ten custodians were appointed, five patricians and five plebeians; subsequently (probably in the time of See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla) their number was increased to fifteen . These officials, at the command of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, consulted the Sibylline books in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to discover, not exact predictions of definite future events, but the religious observances necessary to avert extraordinary calamities (pestilence, See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake) and to expiate prodigies in cases where the See also:

• NATIONAL

national deities were unable, or unwilling, to help . Only the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the orade which was considered suitable to the emergency was made known to the public, not the See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle itself . An important effect of these books was the grecizing of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion by the introduction of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign deities and See also:

• RITES

rites (worshipped and practised in the See also:

• TROAD, CERAMICS, PLATE

Troad) and the amalgamation of national See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian deities with the corresponding Greek ones (fully discussed in J . See also:

• MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812–1882)

Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, iii., 1885, pp . 42, 350, 382) . They were written in See also:

• HEXAMETER

hexameter See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse and in Greek; hence the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of curators was always assisted by two Greek interpreters . The books were kept in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter on the Capitol and shared the destruction of the temple by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 83 . After the restoration of the temple the senate sent ambassadors in 76 to See also:

• ERYTHRAE [mod. Litri]

Erythrae to collect the oracles afresh and they brought back about loon verses; others were collected in Ilium, See also:

• SAMOS

Samos, See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . In the See also:

• YEAR

year 12 B.C .

See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus sought out and burned a See also:

• GREAT

great many See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious oracles and subjected the Sibylline books to a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical revision; they were then placed by him in the temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo Patrons on the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine, where we hear of them still existing in A.D . 363 . They seem to have been burned by See also:

• STILICHO, FLAVIUS (?-4o8)

Stilicho shortly after 400 . According to the researches of R . H . Klausen (Aeneas and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Penaten, 1839), the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest collection of Sibylline oracles appears to have been made about the time of See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon and See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus at Gergis on See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• IDA (d. 559)

Ida in the Troad; it was attributed to the Hellespontine Sibyl and was preserved in the temple of Apollo at Gergis . Thence it passed to Erythrae, where it became famous . It was this very collection, it would appear, which found its way to See also:

• CUMAE (Gr. Kb/.m)

Cumae and from Cumae to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Some genuine Sibylline verses are preserved in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Marvels (IIepi Bavµaotwv) of Phiegon of See also:

• TRALLES (mod. Giizel Hisser)

Tralles (2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D.) . See H . Diels, Sibyllinische Blotter (189o) . On the subject generally see J .

Marquardt as above; A, Bouche-Leclerq, La See also:

• DIVINATION
• DIVINATION, OMEN, ASTROLOGY

Divination clans l'antiquite (1879-1882); E . Maass, De Sibyllarum indicibus (1879); C . Schultess, Die sibyllinischen See also:

• BUCHER, LOTHAR (1817–1892)

Bucher in Rom (1895; with references to authorities in notes) .