See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY See also:

• HENRY SIDGWICK (1838-1900)

SIDGWICK (1838-1900)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SKIPTON

Skipton in See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, where his See also:

• FATHER

father, the Rev . W . See also:

• SIDGWICK, HENRY (1838-1900)

Sidgwick (d . 1841), was headmaster of the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar-school, on the 31st of May 1838 . He was educated at See also:

• RUGBY

Rugby (where his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, subsequently his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, E . W . See also:

• BENSON, EDWARD WHITE (182g—1896)
• BENSON, FRANCIS ROBERT (1858— )
• BENSON, FRANK WESTON (1862— )
• BENSON, GEORGE (1699–1762)

Benson—afterwards See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop—was a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master), and at Trinity, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, where his career was a brilliant one . In 1859 he was See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior classic, 33rd wrangler, See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor's medallist and See also:

• CRAVEN, PAULINE MARIE ARMANDE AGLAE (18o8—189r)
• CRAVEN, WILLIAM CRAVEN, EARL

Craven See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year he was elected to a fellowship at Trinity, and soon afterwards appointed to a classical lectureship there . This See also:

• POST

post he held for ten years, but in 1869 exchanged his lectureship for one in moral See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, a subject to which he had been turning his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention more and more . In the same year, finding that he could no longer declare himself a member of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, he resigned his fellowship . He retained his lectureship, and in 1881 was elected an honorary See also:

• FELLOW

fellow .

In 1874 he published his Method of See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

Ethics (6th ed . 1901, containing emendations written just before his See also:

• DEATH

death), which first won him a reputation outside his university . In 1875 he was appointed praelector on moral and See also:

• POLITICAL

political philosophy at Trinity, in 1883 he was elected See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

Knight-See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of moral philosophy, and in 1885, the religious test having been removed, his See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college once more elected him to a fellowship on the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation . Besides his lecturing and See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours, Sidgwick took an active See also:

• PART

part in the business of the university, and in many forms of social and philanthropic See also:

• WORK

work . He was a member of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Studies from its foundation in 1882 till 1899; he was also a member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CIVIL

Civil Service Board and the See also:

• LOCAL

Local See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

Examinations and Lectures See also:

• SYNDICATE

Syndicate, and chairman of the See also:

• SPECIAL

Special Board for Moral See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science . He was one of the founders and first See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Society for Psychical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

Research, and was a member of the Metaphysical Society . None of his work is more closely identified with his name than the part he took in promoting the higher See also:

• EDUCATION

education of See also:

• WOMEN

women . He helped to start the higher local examinations for women, and the lectures held at Cambridge in preparation for these . It was at his See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion and with his help that See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• CLOUGH, ANNE JEMIMA (182o-1892)
• CLOUGH, ARTHUR HUGH (1819-1861)

Clough opened a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence for students; and when this had See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into Newnham College, and in 188o the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall was added, Mr Sidgwick, who had in 1876 married Eleanor Mildred See also:

• BALFOUR, FRANCIS MAITLAND (1851-1882)
• BALFOUR, ROBERT (known also as BALFOREUS) (1550?-1625?)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES (of Pittendreich) (d. 1583 Or 1584)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES, BART

Balfour (See also:

• SISTER

sister of A . J . Balfour), went with his wife to live there for two years . After Miss Clough's death in 1892 Mrs Sidgwick became See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal of the college, and she and her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband resided there for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life .

During this whole See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period Sidgwick took the deepest See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the welfare of the college . In politics he was a Liberal, andbecame a Liberal Unionist in 1886 . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1900 he was forced by See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health to resign his professorship, and he died on the 28th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August of the same year . Though in many ways an excellent teacher he was primarily a student, and treated his pupils as fellow-learners . He was deeply interested in psychical phenomena, but his energies were primarily devoted to the study of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and philosophy . Brought up in the Church of England, he gradually drifted from orthodox See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, and as early as 1862 he described himself as a theist . For the rest of his life, though he regarded Christianity as " indispensable and irreplaceable—looking at it from a sociological point of view," he found himself unable to return to it as a religion . In political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy he was a Utilitarian on the lines of See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill and See also:

• BENTHAM, GEORGE (1800-1884)
• BENTHAM, JEREMY (1748-1832)

Bentham; his work was the careful investigation of first principles and the investigation of ambiguities rather than constructive . In philosophy he devoted himself to ethics, and especially to the 'examination of the ultimate . intuitive principles of conduct and the problem of See also:

• FREE

free will . He gave up the psychological See also:

• HEDONISM (Gr. i bovit, pleasure, from ?) (s, sweet, pleasant)

hedonism of Mill, and adopted instead a position which may be described as ethical hedonism, according to which the criterion of goodness in any given See also:

• ACTION

action is that it produces the greatest possible amount of See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . This hedonism, however, is not confined to the self (egoistic), but involves a due regard to the pleasure of others, and is, therefore, distinguished further as universalistic . Lastly, Sidgwick returns to the principle that no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man should See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act so as to destroy his own happiness, and leaves us with a somewhat unsatisfactory See also:

• DUALISM (from rare Lat. dualis, containing two, from duo)

dualism .

His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• WORKS

works are Principles of Political Economy (1883, 3rd ed. s9o1); See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

Scope and Method of Economic Science (1885) ; Outlines of the See also:

• HISTORY

History of Ethics (1886, 5th ed . 1902), enlarged from his See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article ETHICS in the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia Britannica; Elements of Politics (1891, 2nd ed . 1897), an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply an adequate See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the subject starting from the old lines of Bentham and Mill . The following were published posthumously: Philosophy; its Scope and Relations (5902) ; Lectures on the Ethics of T . H . See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green, Mr See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer and J . See also:

• MARTINEAU, HARRIET (1802-1876)
• MARTINEAU, JAMES (1805-1900)

Martineau (1902); The Development of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European Polity (t9o3) ; See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous Essays and Addresses (1904); Lectures on the Philosophy of See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant (1905) . His younger brother, See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

ARTHUR SIDGWICK, had a brilliant school and university career, being second classic at Cambridge in 1863 and becoming fellow of Trinity; but he devoted himself thence-forth mainly to work as a teacher . After being for many years a master at Rugby, he became in 1882 fellow and See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor of Corpus, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford; and from 1894 to 1906 was Reader in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek in the university . He published a number of admirable classical school-books, including Greek See also:

• PROSE

Prose (1876) and Greek See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

Verse (1882), and texts (See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, 189o; See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus, 1880-1903), and was well known as a consummate classical scholar, remarkable for literary See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and general culture . In the college life of Corpus he took the deepest interest and had the most stimulating See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence; and he also played an active part in social and political movements from an advanced Liberal point of view . A Memoir of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Sidgwick, written by his brother with the collaboration of his widow, was published in 1906 .

SIDI-See also:

• BEL

BEL-ABBES, chief See also:

• TOWN

town of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• ORAN (Arabic Wahran, i.e. ravine)

Oran, See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, 48 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S. of Oran, 1552 ft above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Mekerra . Pop . (woe) of the town, 24,494 (of whom three-fourths are See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French or Spaniards) ; of the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 29,088; of the arrondissement, which includes 17 communes, 98,309 . The town, which occupies an important strategic position in the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain dominated by the escarpments of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Tessala, has barrack See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for 6000 troops, and is the headquarters of the ter See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment etranger, one of the two regiments known as the See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion . It is encircled by a crenellated and bastioned See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall with a See also:

• FOSSE (or Foss) WAY

fosse, and has four See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, named after Oran, Daia, See also:

• MASCARA

Mascara and See also:

• TLEMCEN

Tlemcen respectively . Starting from the gates, two broad streets, shaded by See also:

• PLANE

plane trees, See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the town See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, the latter dividing the civil from the military quarters . There are numerous fountains fed by the Mekerra . Sidi-bel-Abbes is also an important agricultural centre, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and See also:

• ALIAS (Lat. for " at another time ")

alias being the chief articles of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . There are numerous vineyards and See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive- groves in the vicinity . The town, founded by the French, derives its name from the kubba (See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb) of a See also:

• MARABOUT (the French form of the Arab. murdbit, " one who pickets his horse on a hostile frontier "; cf. Portug.marabute; Span. morabito)

marabout named Sidi-bel-Abbes, near which a See also:

• REDOUBT (Fr. redoute, from Med. Lat. reductus, a place of retreat, refuge, reducere, lead back, retire; the intrusive b is due to the O. Fr. redoubter, to fear, Lat. dubitare, to doubt)

redoubt was constructed by General Bedeau in 1843 . The site of the town, formerly a swamp, has been thoroughly drained . The surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is healthy, fertile and populous .