See also:SIR See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
PHILIP See also:SIDNEY (1554-1586)
, See also:English poet, statesman and soldier, eldest son of See also:Sir See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Sidney and his wife See also:Mary See also:Dudley, was See also:born at See also:Penshurst on the 3oth of See also:November 1554
.
His See also:father, Sir Henry Sidney (1529-1586), was three times See also:lord See also:deputy of See also:Ireland, and in 156o became lord See also:president of See also:Wales
.
See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip Sidney's childhood was spent at Penshurst; and before he had completed his tenth See also:year he was nominated by his father See also:lay See also:rector of Whitford, Flintshire
.
A deputy was appointed, and Philip enjoyed the See also:revenue of the See also:benefice for the See also:rest of his See also:life
.
On the 17th of See also:October 1564 he was entered at See also:Shrewsbury school, not far from his father's See also:official See also:residence at See also:Ludlow See also:Castle, on the same See also:day with his life-See also:long friend and first biographer, See also:Fulke Greville
.
An affectionate See also:letter of See also:advice from his father and See also:mother, written about 1565, was preserved and printed in 1591 (A Very Godly Letter
.
.
.
)
.
In 1568 Sidney was sent to See also:Christ See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, where he formed lasting friendships with See also:Richard See also:Hakluyt and See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Camden
.
But his See also:chief See also:companion was Fulke Greville, who had gone to Broadgates See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall (See also:Pembroke See also:College)
.
Sir Henry Sidney was already anxious to arrange an advantageous See also:marriage for his son, who was at that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time See also:heir to his See also:uncle, the See also:earl of See also:Leicester; and Sir William See also:Cecil agreed to a See also:betrothal with his daughter See also:Anne
.
But in 1571 the match was broken off, and Anne Cecil married See also:Edward See also:Vere, 17th earl of Oxford
.
In that year Philip See also:left Oxford, and, after some months spent chiefly at See also:court, received the See also:queen's leave in 1572 to travel abroad " for his attaining the knowledge of See also:foreign See also:languages."
He was attached to the See also:suite of the earl of See also:Lincoln, who was sent to See also:Paris in that year to negotiate a marriage between Queen See also:Elizabeth and the duc d'See also:Alencon
.
He was in the See also:house of Sir See also:Francis See also:Walsingham in Paris during the See also:massacre of See also:Saint See also:Bartholomew, and the events he witnessed no doubt intensified his always militant Protestantism
.
In See also:charge of Dr See also:Watson, See also:dean, and afterwards See also:bishop, of See also:Winchester, he left Paris for See also:Lorraine, and in See also:March of the next year had arrived in See also:Frankfort on the See also:Main
.
He lodged there in the house of the learned printer See also:Andrew Wechel, among whose guests was also See also:Hubert See also:Languet
.
Fulke Greville describes Philip Sidney when a schoolboy as characterized by " such staidness of mind, lovely and See also:familiar gravity, which carried See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace and reverence far above greater years." " Though I lived with him, and knew him from a See also:child," he says, " yet I never knew him other than a See also:man." These qualities attracted to him the friendship of See also:grave students of affairs, and in See also:France he formed See also:close connexions with the Huguenot leaders
.
Languet, who was an ardent supporter of the See also:Protestant cause, conceived a See also:great See also:affection for the younger man, and travelled in his See also:company to See also:Vienna
.
In October Sidney left for See also:Italy, having first of all entered into a compact with his friend to write every See also:week
.
This arrangement was not strictly observed, but the extant letters, more numerous on Languet's See also:side than on Sidney's, afford a considerable insight into Sidney's moral and See also:political development
.
Languet's letters abound with sensible and affectionate advice on his studies and his affairs generally
.
Sidney settled for some time in See also:Venice, and in See also:February 1574 he sat to See also:Paolo Veronese for a portrait, destined for Languet
.
His See also:friends seem to have feared that his zeal for Protestantism might be corrupted by his stay in Italy, and Languet exacted from him a promise that he would not go to See also:Rome
.
In See also:July he was seriously See also:ill, and immediately on his recovery started for
Vienna
.
From there he accompanied Languet to See also:Poland, where he is said to have been asked to become a See also:candidate for the vacant See also:crown
.
On his return to Vienna he fulfilled vague See also:diplomatic duties at the imperial court, perfecting himself meanwhile, in company with Edward See also:Wotton, in the See also:art of See also:horsemanship under See also:John Pietro Pugliano, whose skill and wit he celebrates in the opening See also:paragraph of the See also:Defence of Poesie
.
He addressed a letter from Vienna on the See also:state of affairs to Lord See also:Burghley, in See also:December 1574
.
In the See also:spring of 1575 he followed the court to See also:Prague, where he received a See also:summons to return See also:home, apparently because Sir Francis Walsingham, who was now secretary of state, feared that Sidney had leanings to Catholicism
.
His See also:sister, Mary Sidney, was now at court, and he had an influential See also:patron in his uncle, the earl of Leicester
.
He accompanied the queen on one of her royal progresses to See also:Kenilworth, and afterwards to Chartley Castle, the seat of See also:Walter Devereux, earl of See also:Essex
.
There he met See also:Penelope Devereux, the " Stella " of the sonnets, then a child of twelve
.
Essex went to Ireland in 1576 to fill his See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office as earl See also:marshal, and in See also:September occurred his mysterious See also:death
.
Philip Sidney was in Ireland with his father at the time
.
Essex on his deathbed had desired a match between
.
Sidney and his daughter Penelope
.
Sidney was often harassed with See also:debt, and seems to have given no serious thought to the question for some time, but Edward See also:Waterhouse, an See also:agent of Sir Henry Sidney, See also:writing in November 1576, mentions " the treaty between Mr Philip and my See also:Lady Penelope " (Sidney Papers, i. p
.
147)
.
In the spring of 1577 Sidney was sent to congratulate See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis, the new elector See also:Palatine, and See also:Rudolf II., who had become See also:emperor of See also:Germany
.
He received also See also:general instructions to discuss with various princes the See also:advancement of the Protestant cause
.
After See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting See also:Don John of See also:Austria at See also:Louvain, March 1577, he proceeded to See also:Heidelberg and Prague
.
He persuaded the elector's See also:brother, John Casimir, to consider proposals for a See also:league of Protestant princes, and also for a See also:conference among the Protestant churches
.
At Prague he ventured on a harangue to the emperor, advocating a general league against See also:Spain and Rome
.
This address naturally produced no effect, but does not seem to have been resented as much as might have been expected
.
On the return See also:journey he visited William of See also:Orange, who formed a high See also:opinion of Sidney
.
In See also:April 1577 Mary Sidney married Henry See also:Herbert, and earl of Pembroke, and in the summer Philip paid the first of many visits to her at her new home at See also:Wilton
.
But later in the year he was at court defending his father's interests, particularly against the earl of See also:Ormonde, who was doing all he could to See also:prejudice Elizabeth against the lord deputy
.
Sidney See also:drew up a detailed defence of his father's Irish See also:government, to be presented to the queen
.
A rough draft of four of the seven sections of this See also:treatise is preserved in the See also:British Museum (See also:Cotton MS., See also:Titus B, xii. pp
.
557-559), and even in its fragmentary See also:condition it justifies the high estimate formed of it by Edward Waterhouse (Sidney Papers, p
.
228)
.
Sidney watched with See also:interest the development of affairs in the See also:Netherlands, but was fully occupied in defending his father's interests at court
.
He came also in close contact with many men of letters
.
In 1578 he met See also:Edmund See also:Spenser, who in the next year dedicated to him his Shepherdes See also:Calendar
.
With Sir Edward See also:Dyer he was a member of the See also:Areopagus, a society which sought to introduce classical metres into English See also:verse, and many See also:strange experiments were the result
.
In 1578 the earl of Leicester entertained Elizabeth at See also:Wanstead, Essex, with a masque, The Lady of the May, written for the occasion by Philip Sidney
.
But though Sidney enjoyed a high measure of the queen's favour, he was not permitted to gratify his See also:desire for active employment
.
He was already more nor less involved in the disgrace of his uncle Leicester, following on that nobleman's marriage with Lettice, countess of Essex, when, in 1579, he had a See also:quarrel on the See also:tennis-court at See also:Whitehall with the earl of Oxford
.
Sidney proposed a See also:duel, which was forbidden by Elizabeth
.
There was more in the quarrel than appeared on the See also:surface
.
Oxford was one of the chief supporters of the queen's proposed marriage with Alencon,
now duc d'See also:Anjou, and Sidney, in giving the See also:lie to Oxford, affronted the See also:leader of the See also:French party
.
In See also:January 158o he went further in his opposition to the match, addressing to Elizabeth a long letter in which the arguments against the See also:alliance were elaborately set forth
.
This letter (Sidney Papers, pp
.
287-292), in spite of some judicious compliments, was regarded, not unnaturally, by the queen as an intrusion
.
Sidney was compelled to retire from court, and some of his friends feared for his See also:personal safety
.
A letter from Languet shows that he had written to Elizabeth at the instigation of " those whom he was See also:bound to obey," probably Leicester and Walsingham
.
Sidney retired to Wilton, or the neighbouring See also:village of Ivychurch, where he joined his sister in writing a See also:paraphrase of the See also:Psalms
.
Here too he began his See also:Arcadia, for his sister's amusement and See also:pleasure
.
In October 1580 he addressed a long letter of advice, not without affectionate and colloquial interruptions, to his brother See also:Robert, then about to start on his See also:continental tour
.
This letter (Sidney Papers, p
.
283) was printed in Profitable Instructions for Travellers (1633)
.
It seems that a promise was exacted from him not to repeat his indiscretions in the See also:matter of the French marriage, and he returned to court
.
In view of the silence of contemporary authority, it is hardly possible to assign definite See also:dates to the sonnets of Astrophel and Stella
.
Penelope Devereux was married against her will to Robert, Lord See also:Rich, in 1581, probably very soon after the letter from Penelope's See also:guardian, the earl of See also:Huntingdon, desiring the queen's consent
.
The earlier sonnets are not indicative of overwhelming See also:passion, and it is a reasonable See also:assumption that Sidney's liking for Penelope only See also:developed into passion when he found that she was passing beyond his grasp
.
Mr A
.
W
.
See also:Pollard assigns the magnificent sequence beginning with No
.
33
" I- might ! unhappy word—O me, I might,
And then would not, or could not, see my blisse,"—to•the See also:period following on Stella's reappearance at court as Lady Rich
.
It has been argued that the whole See also:tenor of Philip's life and See also:character was opposed to an overmastering passion, and that there is no ground for attaching See also:biographical value to these sonnets, which were merely Petrarchan exercises
.
That Sidney was, like his contemporaries, a careful and imitative student of French and See also:Italian sonnets is patent
.
He himself confesses in the first of the See also:series that he " sought See also:fit words to paint the blackest See also:face of woe," by " oft turning others' leaves " before he obeyed the command of his muse to " look in his See also:heart and write." The See also:account of his passion is, however, too circumstantial to be lightly regarded as fiction
.
Mr Pollard See also:sees in the sonnets a description of a spiritual struggle between his sense of a high political See also:mission and a disturbing passion calculated to lessen his efforts in a larger See also:sphere
.
It seems certain, at any See also:rate, that he was not solely preoccupied with scruples against his love for Stella because she was already married
.
He had probably been writing sonnets to Stella for a year or more before her marriage, and he seems to have continued to address her after his own marriage
.
See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Nash defined the general See also:argument epigrammatically as " cruel chastity—the See also:prologue See also:Hope, the See also:epilogue Despair." But after Stella's final refusal Sidney recovered his earlier serenity, and the See also:sonnet placed by Mr Pollard at the end of the series—" Leave me, 0 Love, which reachest but to dust "—expresses the See also:triumph of the spirit
.
Meanwhile he prosecuted his duties as a courtier and as member for See also:Kent in See also:parliament
.
On the 15th and 16th of May 1581 he was one of the four challengers in a See also:tournament arranged in See also:honour of the visit of the See also:duke of Anjou
.
In 1579 See also:Stephen See also:Gosson had dedicated to Sidney his School of Abuse, an attack on the See also:stage, and incidentally on See also:poetry
.
Sidney was probably moved by this treatise to write his own Apologie for Poetrie, dating from about 1581
.
In 1583 he was knighted in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order that he might See also:act as See also:proxy for See also:Prince John Casimir, who was to be installed as See also:Knight of the Garter, and in the autumn of that year he married Frances, daughter of his friend and patron Sir Francis Walsingham, a girl of fourteen or fifteen years of See also:age
.
In 1584 he met See also:Giordano See also:Bruno at the house of his friend Fulke Greville, and two of the philosopher's books are dedicated to him
.
Sidney was employed about this time in the See also:translation from the French of his friend Du Plessis See also:Mornay's treatise on the See also:Christian See also:religion
.
He still desired active service and took an eager interest in the enterprises of See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin See also:Frobisher, Richard Hakluyt and Walter See also:Raleigh
.
In 1584 he was sent to Franee to condole with Henry III. on the death of his brother, the duke of Anjou, but the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king was at See also:Lyons, and unable to receive the See also:embassy
.
Sidney's interest in the struggle of the Protestant princes against Spain never relaxed
.
He recommended that Elizabeth should attack Philip II. in Spain itself
.
So keen an interest did he take in this policy that he was at See also:Plymouth about to See also:sail with Francis See also:Drake's See also:fleet in its expedition against the See also:Spanish See also:coast (1585) when he was recalled by the queen's orders
.
He was, however, given a command in the Netherlands, where he was made See also:governor of See also:Flushing
.
Arrived at his See also:post, he constantly urged resolute See also:action on his See also:commander, the earl of Leicester, but with small result
.
In July 1586 he made a successful See also:raid on Axel, near Flushing, and in September he joined the force of Sir John See also:Norris, who was operating against See also:Zutphen
.
On the 22nd of the See also:month he joined a small force sent out to intercept a See also:convoy of provisions
.
During the fight that ensued he was struck in the thigh by a See also:bullet
.
He succeeded in See also:riding back to the See also:camp
.
The often-told See also:story that he refused a See also:cup of See also:water in favour of a dying soldier, with the words, " Thy need is greater than mine," is in keeping with his character
.
He owed his death to a quixotic impulse
.
Sir William See also:Pelham happening to set out for the fight without See also:greaves, Sidney also See also:cast off his See also:leg-See also:armour, which would have defended him from the fatal See also:wound
.
He died twenty-five days later at Arnheim, on the 17th of October 1586
.
The Dutch desired to have the honour of his funeral, but the See also:body was taken to See also:England, and, after some delay due to the demands of Sidney's creditors, received a public funeral in St See also:Paul's See also:Cathedral on the 16th of February 1587
.
Sidney's death was a personal grief to See also:people of all classes
.
Some two See also:hundred elegies were produced in his honour
.
Of all these tributes the most famous is Astrophel, A See also:Pastoral Elegie, added to Edmund Spenser's See also:Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1595)• Spenser wrote the opening poem; other contributors are Sidney's sister, the countess of Pembroke, Lodowick Bryskett and See also:Matthew Roydon
.
In the See also:bare enumeration of Sidney's achievements there seems little to justify the passionate admiration he excited
.
So See also:calm an observer as William of Orange desired Fulke Greville to give Elizabeth " his knowledge and opinion of a See also:fellow-servant of his, that (as he heard) lived unemployed under her
.
.
.
. If he could See also:judge, her See also:Majesty had one of the ripest and greatest counsellors of See also:estate in Sir Philip Sidney, that this day lived in See also:Europe " (Fulke Greville, Life of Sidney, ed
.
1816, p
.
21)
.
His fame was due first of all to his strong, radiant and lovable character
.
See also: