See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

PHILIP See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIR PHILIP SIDNEY (1554-1586)

SIDNEY (1554-1586)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English poet, statesman and soldier, eldest son of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney and his wife See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• DUDLEY
• DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• DUDLEY, EDMUND (c. 1462—1510)
• DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT (1573—1649)
• DUDLEY, THOMAS (1576-1653)

Dudley, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PENSHURST

Penshurst on the 3oth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1554 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Sir Henry Sidney (1529-1586), was three times See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and in 156o became lord See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip Sidney's childhood was spent at Penshurst; and before he had completed his tenth See also:

• YEAR

year he was nominated by his father See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of Whitford, Flintshire . A deputy was appointed, and Philip enjoyed the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue of the See also:

• BENEFICE (Lat. beneficium, benefit)

benefice for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life . On the 17th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1564 he was entered at See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury school, not far from his father's See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

• LUDLOW
• LUDLOW, EDMUND (c. 1617-1692)

Ludlow See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, on the same See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day with his life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long friend and first biographer, See also:

• FULKE, WILLIAM (1538-1589)

Fulke Greville . An affectionate See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice from his father and See also:

• MOTHER

mother, written about 1565, was preserved and printed in 1591 (A Very Godly Letter . . . ) . In 1568 Sidney was sent to See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where he formed lasting friendships with See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• HAKLUYT, RICHARD (c. 1553—1616)

Hakluyt and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden . But his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion was Fulke Greville, who had gone to Broadgates See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall (See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College) . Sir Henry Sidney was already anxious to arrange an advantageous See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage for his son, who was at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester; and Sir William See also:

• CECIL

Cecil agreed to a See also:

• BETROTHAL (A.S. treowth, " truth ")

betrothal with his daughter See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne . But in 1571 the match was broken off, and Anne Cecil married See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• VERE
• VERE, SIR FRANCIS (1560-1609)

Vere, 17th earl of Oxford .

In that year Philip See also:

• LEFT

left Oxford, and, after some months spent chiefly at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, received the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen's leave in 1572 to travel abroad " for his attaining the knowledge of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages." He was attached to the See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of the earl of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, who was sent to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in that year to negotiate a marriage between Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth and the duc d'See also:

• ALENCON

Alencon . He was in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• WALSINGHAM, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1530-1590)
• WALSINGHAM, THOMAS (d. c. 1422)

Walsingham in Paris during the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew, and the events he witnessed no doubt intensified his always militant Protestantism . In See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of Dr See also:

• WATSON, RICHARD (1737-1816)
• WATSON, THOMAS (c. 1557–1592)
• WATSON, WILLIAM (1858- )
• WATSON, WILLIAM (c. 1559-1603)

Watson, See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean, and afterwards See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, he left Paris for See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, and in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March of the next year had arrived in See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main . He lodged there in the house of the learned printer See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Wechel, among whose guests was also See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert See also:

• LANGUET, HUBERT (1518-1581)

Languet . Fulke Greville describes Philip Sidney when a schoolboy as characterized by " such staidness of mind, lovely and See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar gravity, which carried See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and reverence far above greater years." " Though I lived with him, and knew him from a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child," he says, " yet I never knew him other than a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man." These qualities attracted to him the friendship of See also:

• GRAVE

grave students of affairs, and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France he formed See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close connexions with the Huguenot leaders . Languet, who was an ardent supporter of the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant cause, conceived a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for the younger man, and travelled in his See also:

• COMPANY

company to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . In October Sidney left for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, having first of all entered into a compact with his friend to write every See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week . This arrangement was not strictly observed, but the extant letters, more numerous on Languet's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side than on Sidney's, afford a considerable insight into Sidney's moral and See also:

• POLITICAL

political development . Languet's letters abound with sensible and affectionate advice on his studies and his affairs generally . Sidney settled for some time in See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, and in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1574 he sat to See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Veronese for a portrait, destined for Languet . His See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends seem to have feared that his zeal for Protestantism might be corrupted by his stay in Italy, and Languet exacted from him a promise that he would not go to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . In See also:

• JULY

July he was seriously See also:

• ILL

ill, and immediately on his recovery started for Vienna .

From there he accompanied Languet to See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, where he is said to have been asked to become a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the vacant See also:

• CROWN

crown . On his return to Vienna he fulfilled vague See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic duties at the imperial court, perfecting himself meanwhile, in company with Edward See also:

• WOTTON, NICHOLAS (c. 1497–1567)
• WOTTON, SIR HENRY (1568–1639)
• WOTTON, WILLIAM (1666-1727)

Wotton, in the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• HORSEMANSHIP

horsemanship under See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Pietro Pugliano, whose skill and wit he celebrates in the opening See also:

• PARAGRAPH

paragraph of the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

Defence of Poesie . He addressed a letter from Vienna on the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs to Lord See also:

• BURGHLEY, WILLIAM CECIL, BARON (1521-1598)

Burghley, in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1574 . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1575 he followed the court to See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, where he received a See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons to return See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, apparently because Sir Francis Walsingham, who was now secretary of state, feared that Sidney had leanings to Catholicism . His See also:

• SISTER

sister, Mary Sidney, was now at court, and he had an influential See also:

• PATRON

patron in his uncle, the earl of Leicester . He accompanied the queen on one of her royal progresses to See also:

• KENILWORTH

Kenilworth, and afterwards to Chartley Castle, the seat of See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Devereux, earl of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex . There he met See also:

• PENELOPE

Penelope Devereux, the " Stella " of the sonnets, then a child of twelve . Essex went to Ireland in 1576 to fill his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as earl See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal, and in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September occurred his mysterious See also:

• DEATH

death . Philip Sidney was in Ireland with his father at the time . Essex on his deathbed had desired a match between . Sidney and his daughter Penelope . Sidney was often harassed with See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, and seems to have given no serious thought to the question for some time, but Edward See also:

• WATERHOUSE, ALFRED (1830-1905)
• WATERHOUSE, JOHN WILLIAM (1847- )

Waterhouse, an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of Sir Henry Sidney, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in November 1576, mentions " the treaty between Mr Philip and my See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Penelope " (Sidney Papers, i. p .

147) . In the spring of 1577 Sidney was sent to congratulate See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, the new elector See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine, and See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf II., who had become See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . He received also See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general instructions to discuss with various princes the See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of the Protestant cause . After See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don John of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria at See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, March 1577, he proceeded to See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg and Prague . He persuaded the elector's See also:

• BROTHER

brother, John Casimir, to consider proposals for a See also:

• LEAGUE

league of Protestant princes, and also for a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference among the Protestant churches . At Prague he ventured on a harangue to the emperor, advocating a general league against See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and Rome . This address naturally produced no effect, but does not seem to have been resented as much as might have been expected . On the return See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey he visited William of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange, who formed a high See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of Sidney . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1577 Mary Sidney married Henry See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert, and earl of Pembroke, and in the summer Philip paid the first of many visits to her at her new home at See also:

• WILTON

Wilton . But later in the year he was at court defending his father's interests, particularly against the earl of See also:

• ORMONDE, EARL AND MARQUESS OF
• ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, 1ST DUKE
• ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, 2ND DUKE OF (1665-1745)

Ormonde, who was doing all he could to See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice Elizabeth against the lord deputy . Sidney See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a detailed defence of his father's Irish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, to be presented to the queen . A rough draft of four of the seven sections of this See also:

• TREATISE

treatise is preserved in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum (See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton MS., See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus B, xii. pp .

557-559), and even in its fragmentary See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition it justifies the high estimate formed of it by Edward Waterhouse (Sidney Papers, p . 228) . Sidney watched with See also:

• INTEREST

interest the development of affairs in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, but was fully occupied in defending his father's interests at court . He came also in close contact with many men of letters . In 1578 he met See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• SPENSER, EDMUND (c. 1552-1599)
• SPENSER, JOHN (1559-1614)

Spenser, who in the next year dedicated to him his Shepherdes See also:

• CALENDAR

Calendar . With Sir Edward See also:

• DYER, JOHN (c. 1700-1758)
• DYER, SIR EDWARD (d. 1607)
• DYER, THOMAS HENRY (1804-1888)

Dyer he was a member of the See also:

• AREOPAGUS ("Apews Ilayos)

Areopagus, a society which sought to introduce classical metres into English See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, and many See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange experiments were the result . In 1578 the earl of Leicester entertained Elizabeth at See also:

• WANSTEAD

Wanstead, Essex, with a masque, The Lady of the May, written for the occasion by Philip Sidney . But though Sidney enjoyed a high measure of the queen's favour, he was not permitted to gratify his See also:

• DESIRE

desire for active employment . He was already more nor less involved in the disgrace of his uncle Leicester, following on that nobleman's marriage with Lettice, countess of Essex, when, in 1579, he had a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel on the See also:

• TENNIS (sometimes called royal tennis, and, in America, court tennis)

tennis-court at See also:

• WHITEHALL

Whitehall with the earl of Oxford . Sidney proposed a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel, which was forbidden by Elizabeth . There was more in the quarrel than appeared on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Oxford was one of the chief supporters of the queen's proposed marriage with Alencon, now duc d'See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou, and Sidney, in giving the See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie to Oxford, affronted the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French party .

In See also:

• JANUARY

January 158o he went further in his opposition to the match, addressing to Elizabeth a long letter in which the arguments against the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance were elaborately set forth . This letter (Sidney Papers, pp . 287-292), in spite of some judicious compliments, was regarded, not unnaturally, by the queen as an intrusion . Sidney was compelled to retire from court, and some of his friends feared for his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal safety . A letter from Languet shows that he had written to Elizabeth at the instigation of " those whom he was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to obey," probably Leicester and Walsingham . Sidney retired to Wilton, or the neighbouring See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Ivychurch, where he joined his sister in writing a See also:

• PARAPHRASE (Gr. irapa¢pavis, from rrapa4p4av, to relate something in different words, 'raga, beside, and ¢pai"eav, speak, tell)

paraphrase of the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms . Here too he began his See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia, for his sister's amusement and See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . In October 1580 he addressed a long letter of advice, not without affectionate and colloquial interruptions, to his brother See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, then about to start on his See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental tour . This letter (Sidney Papers, p . 283) was printed in Profitable Instructions for Travellers (1633) . It seems that a promise was exacted from him not to repeat his indiscretions in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of the French marriage, and he returned to court . In view of the silence of contemporary authority, it is hardly possible to assign definite See also:

• DATES

dates to the sonnets of Astrophel and Stella .

Penelope Devereux was married against her will to Robert, Lord See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

Rich, in 1581, probably very soon after the letter from Penelope's See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian, the earl of See also:

• HUNTINGDON
• HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
• HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707—1791)

Huntingdon, desiring the queen's consent . The earlier sonnets are not indicative of overwhelming See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion, and it is a reasonable See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that Sidney's liking for Penelope only See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into passion when he found that she was passing beyond his grasp . Mr A . W . See also:

• POLLARD, EDWARD ALBERT (1828–1872)

Pollard assigns the magnificent sequence beginning with No . 33 " I- might ! unhappy word—O me, I might, And then would not, or could not, see my blisse,"—to•the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period following on Stella's reappearance at court as Lady Rich . It has been argued that the whole See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor of Philip's life and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character was opposed to an overmastering passion, and that there is no ground for attaching See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical value to these sonnets, which were merely Petrarchan exercises . That Sidney was, like his contemporaries, a careful and imitative student of French and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian sonnets is patent . He himself confesses in the first of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series that he " sought See also:

• FIT

fit words to paint the blackest See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of woe," by " oft turning others' leaves " before he obeyed the command of his muse to " look in his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and write." The See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his passion is, however, too circumstantial to be lightly regarded as fiction . Mr Pollard See also:

• SEES

sees in the sonnets a description of a spiritual struggle between his sense of a high political See also:

• MISSION

mission and a disturbing passion calculated to lessen his efforts in a larger See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere . It seems certain, at any See also:

• RATE

rate, that he was not solely preoccupied with scruples against his love for Stella because she was already married . He had probably been writing sonnets to Stella for a year or more before her marriage, and he seems to have continued to address her after his own marriage .

See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• NASH, RICHARD (1674-1762)

Nash defined the general See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument epigrammatically as " cruel chastity—the See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, the See also:

• EPILOGUE

epilogue Despair." But after Stella's final refusal Sidney recovered his earlier serenity, and the See also:

• SONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet)

sonnet placed by Mr Pollard at the end of the series—" Leave me, 0 Love, which reachest but to dust "—expresses the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the spirit . Meanwhile he prosecuted his duties as a courtier and as member for See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . On the 15th and 16th of May 1581 he was one of the four challengers in a See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament arranged in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the visit of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Anjou . In 1579 See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• GOSSON, STEPHEN (1554-1624)

Gosson had dedicated to Sidney his School of Abuse, an attack on the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, and incidentally on See also:

• POETRY

poetry . Sidney was probably moved by this treatise to write his own Apologie for Poetrie, dating from about 1581 . In 1583 he was knighted in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that he might See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as See also:

• PROXY (short for " procuracy ")

proxy for See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince John Casimir, who was to be installed as See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

Knight of the Garter, and in the autumn of that year he married Frances, daughter of his friend and patron Sir Francis Walsingham, a girl of fourteen or fifteen years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . In 1584 he met See also:

• GIORDANO, LUCA (1632–1705)

Giordano See also:

• BRUNO (BRUN, BRUNS) OF QUERFURT, SAINT (c. 975-1009)
• BRUNO, GIORDANO (c. 1548-1600)
• BRUNO, or BRUN (925–965)
• BRUNO, SAINT

Bruno at the house of his friend Fulke Greville, and two of the philosopher's books are dedicated to him . Sidney was employed about this time in the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation from the French of his friend Du Plessis See also:

• MORNAY, PHILIPPE DE (1549-1623)

Mornay's treatise on the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . He still desired active service and took an eager interest in the enterprises of See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• FROBISHER, SIR MARTIN (c. 1535—1594)

Frobisher, Richard Hakluyt and Walter See also:

• RALEIGH
• RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (c. 1552-1618)

Raleigh . In 1584 he was sent to Franee to condole with Henry III. on the death of his brother, the duke of Anjou, but the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king was at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, and unable to receive the See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy . Sidney's interest in the struggle of the Protestant princes against Spain never relaxed . He recommended that Elizabeth should attack Philip II. in Spain itself .

So keen an interest did he take in this policy that he was at See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth about to See also:

• SAIL

sail with Francis See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake's See also:

• FLEET

fleet in its expedition against the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast (1585) when he was recalled by the queen's orders . He was, however, given a command in the Netherlands, where he was made See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• FLUSHING
• FLUSHING (Dutch Vlissingen)

Flushing . Arrived at his See also:

• POST

post, he constantly urged resolute See also:

• ACTION

action on his See also:

• COMMANDER

commander, the earl of Leicester, but with small result . In July 1586 he made a successful See also:

• RAID

raid on Axel, near Flushing, and in September he joined the force of Sir John See also:

• NORRIS
• NORRIS, FRANK (1870—1902)
• NORRIS, HENRY NORRIS
• NORRIS, JOHN (1657-1711)
• NORRIS, SIR JOHN (c. 1547-1597)
• NORRIS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1847– )

Norris, who was operating against See also:

• ZUTPHEN, or ZUTFEN

Zutphen . On the 22nd of the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month he joined a small force sent out to intercept a See also:

• CONVOY

convoy of provisions . During the fight that ensued he was struck in the thigh by a See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

bullet . He succeeded in See also:

• RIDING

riding back to the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp . The often-told See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that he refused a See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup of See also:

• WATER

water in favour of a dying soldier, with the words, " Thy need is greater than mine," is in keeping with his character . He owed his death to a quixotic impulse . Sir William See also:

• PELHAM
• PELHAM, HENRY (1696-1754)
• PELHAM, HENRY FRANCIS (1846-1907)

Pelham happening to set out for the fight without See also:

• GREAVES, JOHN (1602–1652)

greaves, Sidney also See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast off his See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg-See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, which would have defended him from the fatal See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound . He died twenty-five days later at Arnheim, on the 17th of October 1586 . The Dutch desired to have the honour of his funeral, but the See also:

• BODY

body was taken to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and, after some delay due to the demands of Sidney's creditors, received a public funeral in St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral on the 16th of February 1587 .

Sidney's death was a personal grief to See also:

• PEOPLE

people of all classes . Some two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred elegies were produced in his honour . Of all these tributes the most famous is Astrophel, A See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

Pastoral Elegie, added to Edmund Spenser's See also:

• COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1595)• Spenser wrote the opening poem; other contributors are Sidney's sister, the countess of Pembroke, Lodowick Bryskett and See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew Roydon . In the See also:

• BARE

bare enumeration of Sidney's achievements there seems little to justify the passionate admiration he excited . So See also:

• CALM

calm an observer as William of Orange desired Fulke Greville to give Elizabeth " his knowledge and opinion of a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-servant of his, that (as he heard) lived unemployed under her . . . . If he could See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, her See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty had one of the ripest and greatest counsellors of See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in Sir Philip Sidney, that this day lived in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe " (Fulke Greville, Life of Sidney, ed . 1816, p . 21) . His fame was due first of all to his strong, radiant and lovable character . See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley placed him in Adonais among the " inheritors of unfulfilled renown," as " sublimely mild, a spirit without spot." Sidney left a daughter Frances (b . 1584), who married See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners, earl of See also:

• RUTLAND
• RUTLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RUTLAND, JOHN JAMES ROBERT MANNERS, 7TH DUKE OF (1818-1906)

Rutland .

His widow, who, in spite of the strictures of some writers, was evidently sincerely attached to him, married in 1590 Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, and, after his death in 1601, Richard de See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

Burgh, earl of See also:

• CLANRICARDE, ULICK DE BURGH (BOURKE or BURKE)
• CLANRICARDE, ULICK DE BURGH (BOURKE or BURKE), MARQUESS OF (1604-1657 or 1658)

Clanricarde . Sidney's writings were not published during his lifetime . A Worke concerning the trewnesse of the Christian Religion, translated from the French of Du Plessis Mornay, was completed and published by See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• GOLDING, ARTHUR (c. 1536-c. 1605)

Golding in 1587 . The Countesse of Pembroke's Arcadia written by Philippe Sidnei (1590), in See also:

• QUARTO

quarto, is the earliest edition of Sidney's famous See also:

• ROMANCE

romance.' A See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio edition, issued in 1593, is stated to have been revised and rearranged by the countess of Pembroke, for whose delectation the romance was written . She was charged to destroy the See also:

• WORK

work See also:

• SHEET

sheet by sheet as it was sent to her . The circumstances of its See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition partly explain the difference between its intricate sentences, full of far-fetched conceits, repetition and See also:

• ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis, and the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and dignified phrase of the A pologie for Poetrie . The See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is a concession to the fashionable See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste in ' For a bibliography of this and subsequent See also:

• EDITIONS

editions see the facsimile reprint (1891) of this quarto, edited by Dr Oskar See also:

• SOMMER

Sommer . literature which the countess may reasonably be supposed to have shared; but Sidney himself, although he was no friend to See also:

• EUPHUISM

euphuism, was evidently indulging his own See also:

• MOOD

mood in this highly decorative See also:

• PROSE

prose . The main See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread of the story relates how the princes Musidorus and Pyrocles, the latter disguised as a woman, Zelmane, woo the princesses Pamela and Philoclea, daughters of Basilius and Gynaecia, king and queen of Arcady . The shepherds and shepherdesses occupy a humble See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the story . Sidney used a pastoral setting for a romance of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry complicated by the elaborate intrigue of Spanish writers . Nor are these intrigues of a purely See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent and pastoral nature .

Sidney described the passion of love under many aspects, and the guilty queen Gynaecia is a genuine tragic heroine . The loose See also:

• FRAME

frame-work of the romance admits of descriptions of tournaments, Elizabethan palaces and gardens and numerous See also:

• FINE

fine speeches . It also contains some lyrics of much beauty . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I. recited and copied out shortly before his death Pamela's See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, which is printed in the Eikon Basilike . See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton reproached him in the Eikonoklastes with having " borrowed to a Christian use prayers offered to a See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen See also:

• GOD

god . . . and that in no serious See also:

• BOOK

book, but in the vain amatorious poem of Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia." See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• COURTHOPE, WILLIAM JOHN (1842— )

Courthope (Hist. of English Poetry, i . 215) points out that the tragedy of Sidney's life, the See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce between his ideals of a nobly active life and the enforced idleness of a courtier's existence, is intimately connected with his position as a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer in fiction, in which the life represented is tacitly recognized as being contrary to the order of existence . Sidney's wide acquaintance with See also:

• EUROPEAN

European literature is reflected in this book, but he was especially indebted to the Arcadia of Jacopo See also:

• SANNAZARO, JACOPO (1458-1530)

Sannazaro, and still more to See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• MONTEMAYOR (or MONTEMOR), JORGE (1520?-156x)

Montemayor's See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of Sannazaro, the See also:

• DIANA

Diana Enamorada . The See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic defects of the Arcadia in no way detracted from its popularity . Both See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare and Spenser were evidently acquainted with it . John Day's Ile of Guls, and the plots of See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont and See also:

• FLETCHER, ALICE CUNNINGHAM (1845– )
• FLETCHER, ANDREW
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1548-1611)
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1584-1623)
• FLETCHER, JOHN WILLIAM (1729-1785)
• FLETCHER, PHINEAS (1582-1650)

Fletcher's See also:

• CUPID (Cupido, " desire ")

Cupid's Revenge, and of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), JAMES (1596-1666)
• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), SIR ANTHONY (1565-c. 1635)
• SHIRLEY, WILLIAM (1694-1771)

Shirley's Arcadia, were derived from it . The book had more than one supplement .

Gervase See also:

• MARKHAM, GERVASE (or JERVIS) (1568?-1637)
• MARKHAM, MRS
• MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS ROBERT (183o- )
• MARKHAM, WILLIAM (1719-1807)

Markham, Sir William See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander (earl of See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling) and Richard Beling wrote continuations . The series of sonnets to Stella were printed in 1591 as Sir P.S.: His Astrophel and Stella, by Thomas See also:

• NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1805-1897)
• NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801-1890)

Newman, with an See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle by T . Nash, and some sonnets by other writers . In the same year Newman issued another edition with many changes in the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text and without Nash's See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface . His first edition was (probably later) reprinted by Matthew Lownes . In 1598 the sonnets were reprinted in the folio edition of Sidney's See also:

• WORKS

works, entitled from its most considerable See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item The Countesse of Pembroke's Arcadia, edited by Lady Pembroke, with considerable additions . The songs are placed in their proper position among the sonnets, instead of being grouped at the end, and two of the most personal poems (possibly suppressed out of See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration for Lady Rich in the first instance), which afford the best See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the series, appear for the first time . Sidney's sonnets adhere more closely to French than to Italian See also:

• MODELS

models . The See also:

• OCTAVE (from Lat. octavus, eighth, octo, eight)

octave is generally fairly See also:

• REGULAR

regular on two rhymes, but the sestet usually terminates with a See also:

• COUPLET

couplet . The Apologie for Poetrie was one of the " additions " to the countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1598), where it is entitled " The Defence of Poesie." It first appeared separately in 1594 (unique copy in the Rowf See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant Library, reprint 1904, Camb . Univ . See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press) .

Sidney takes the word " poetry " in the wide sense of any imaginative walk, and deals with its various divisions . Apart from the subject matter, which is interesting enough, the book has a great value for the simple, See also:

• DIRECT

direct and musical prose in which it is written . The Psalmes of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David, the paraphrase in which he collaborated with his sister, remained in MS. until 1823e when it was edited by S . W . See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

Singer . A translation of See also:

• PART

part of the Divine Sepmaine of G . Salluste du Bartas is lost . There are two pastorals by Sidney in See also:

• DAVISON, WILLIAM (c. 1541-1608)

Davison's Poetical Rhapsody (1602) . Letters and Memorials of State ... (1746) is the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of an in-valuable collection of letters and documents See also:

• RELATING

relating to the Sidney See also:

• FAMILY

family, transcribed from originals at Penshurst and elsewhere by Arthur See also:

• COLLINS, ANTHONY (1676-1729)
• COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON (1848-1908)
• COLLINS, MORTIMER (1827-1876)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1787–1847)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE (1824–1889)

Collins . Fulke Greville's Life of the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney is a See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric dealing chiefly with his public policy . The See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence of Sir Philip Sidney and Hubert Languet was translated from the Latin and published with a memoir by See also:

• STEUART, SIR JAMES DENHAM, BART

Steuart A .

See also:

• PEARS

Pears (1845) . The best See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Sidney is A Memoir of Sir Philip Sidney by H . R . See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox See also:

• BOURNE (southern form of burn, Teutonic born, bran, burna)
• BOURNE, or BOURN
• BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747)

Bourne (1862) . A revised life by the same author is included in the " Heroes of the Nations " series (1891) . See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical appreciation is available in J . A . See also:

• SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON (184o-180, English critic and poet, was born at Bristol, on the 5th of October 184o. He was the only son of John Addington Symonds, M.D. (1807—1871)
• SYMONDS, WILLIAM SAMUEL (1818-1887)

Symonds's Sir Philip Sidney (1886), in the " English Men of Letters " series; in J . J . A . See also:

• JUSSERAND, JEAN ADRIEN ANTOINE JULES (1855- )

Jusserand's English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare (1890) ; and in See also:

• MODERN

modern editions of Sidney's works, among which may be mentioned Mr A . W .

Pollard's edition (1888) of Astrophel and Stella, Professor See also:

• ARBER, EDWARD (1836– )

Arber's reprint (1868) of An A pologie for Poetrie, and Mr Sidney See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee's Elizabethan Sonnets (1904) in the re-issue of Professor Arber's English Garner, where the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of Sidney's sonnets are fully discussed . See also a collection of Sidneiana printed for the See also:

• ROXBURGHE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Roxburghe See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club in 1837, a See also:

• NOTICE

notice by Mrs See also:

• HUMPHRY, OZIAS (1742-1810)

Humphry See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward in Ward's English Poets, i . 341 seq., and a dissertation by Dr K . Brunhuber, Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia and ihre Nachlaufer (Nurnberg, 1903) . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete text of Sidney's prose and poetry, edited by See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Feuillerat, 1s to be included in the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge English See also:

• CLASSICS

Classics .