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place in parliament except by force when Cromwell dispersed it on the zoth of April 1653 . He immediately retired to Penshurst, where he was concerned chiefly with See also:

FAMILY

family affairs . In 1654 he again went to the Hague, and there became closely acquainted with De Witt . On his return he kept entirely aloof from public affairs, and it is to this See also:

period that the See also:

ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay on Love is ascribed . Upon the restoration of the See also:

Long Parliament, in May 1659, Sidney again took his seat, and was placed on the council of state . He showed himself in this See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office especially anxious that the military See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power should be duly subordinated to the See also:

CIVIL

civil . In See also:

JUNE

June he was appointed one of three commissioners to mediate for a See also:

peace between Denmark, supported by See also:

Holland, and See also:

Sweden . He was probably intended to See also:

WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch the conduct of his colleague, See also:

ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

Montagu (afterwards 1st earl of See also:

Sandwich), who was in command of the Baltic See also:

SQUADRON

squadron . Of his See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character we have an interesting See also:

NOTICE

notice from See also:

Whitelocke, who refused to accompany him on the ground of his " overruling See also:

TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper and height." Upon the conclusion of the treaty he went to See also:

STOCKHOLM

Stockholm as plenipotentiary ; and in both capacities he behaved with resolution and address . When the restoration of Charles II. took place Sidney See also:

LEFT

left Sweden, on the 28th of June 1660, bringing with him from the See also:

king of Sweden a See also:

rich See also:

PRESENT

present in testimony of the estimation in which he was held . Sidney went first to Copenhagen, and then, being doubtful of his reception by the English See also:

court, settled at See also:

HAMBURG

Hamburg . From there he wrote a celebrated See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter vindicating his conduct, which will be found in the See also:

SOMERS, JOHN SOMERS (or SOMMERS), BARON (1651–1716)

Somers Tracts .

He shortly afterwards left Hamburg, and passed through See also:

Germany by way of See also:

Venice to Rome . His stay there, however, was embittered by misunderstandings with his father and consequent straits for See also:

MONEY

money . Five shillings a See also:

day, he says, served him and two men very well for See also:

MEAT

meat, drink and firing . He devoted himself to the study of books, birds and trees, and speaks of his natural delight in solitude being largely in-creased . In 1663 he left See also:

Italy, passed through See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland,where his portrait was painted by See also:

van Egmondt; it is now at Penshurst . He had thoughts of joining the imperial service, and offered to transport from England a See also:

BODY

body of the old See also:

COMMON

Common-See also:

WEALTH

wealth men; but this was refused by the English court . It is stated that the enmity against him was so See also:

GREAT

great that now, as on other occasions, attempts were made to assassinate him . On the breaking out of the Dutch See also:

war, Sidney, who was at the Hague, urged an invasion of England, and shortly afterwards went to Paris, where he offered to raise a See also:

REBELLION

rebellion in England on See also:

RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of See also:

ioo,00o crowns . Unable, however, to come to terms with the See also:

French See also:

government, he once more went into retirement in 1666,-this time to the See also:

south of See also:

France . In August 167o he was again in Paris, and See also:

Arlington proposed that he should receive a See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension from See also:

Louis; Charles II. agreed, but insisted that Sidney should return to See also:

LANGUEDOC

Languedoc . In See also:

ILLUSTRATION

illustration of his austere principles it is related that, Louis having taken a See also:

FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy to a horse belonging to him and insisting on possessing it, Sidney shot the See also:

animal, which, he said, " was born a See also:

FREE

free creature, had served a free See also:

man, and should not be mastered by a king of slaves." His father was now very See also:

ill, and after much difficulty Sidney obtained leave to come to England in the autumn of 1677 . Lord Leicester died in November; and legal business connected with other portions of the succession detained Sidney from returning to France as he had intended .

He soon became involved in See also:

POLITICAL

political intrigue, joining, in general, the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country party, and holding See also:

close communication with Barillon, the French ambassador . In the beginning of 1679 he stood for See also:

GUILDFORD

Guildford, and was warmly supported by See also:

William See also:

Penn, with whom he had long been intimate, and to whom he is said (as is now thought, erroneously) to have afforded assistance in See also:

DRAWING

drawing up the constitution of See also:

Pennsylvania . He was defeated by court See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and his See also:

PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition to the House, complaining of an undue return, never came to a decision . His Letters to Henry See also:

Savile, written at this period, are of great interest . He was in Paris, apparently only for a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short while, in November 1679 . Into the See also:

PROSECUTION

prosecution of the Popish See also:

Plot Sidney threw himself warmly, and was among those who looked to See also:

Monmouth, rather than to See also:

Orange, to take the place of See also:

James in the succession, though he afterwards disclaimed all interest in such a question . He now stood for Bramber (See also:

Sussex), again with Penn's support, and a See also:

double return was made . He is reported on the loth of August 1679 as being elected for See also:

AMERSHAM

Amersham (See also:

Buckingham) with See also:

Sir See also:

Roger See also:

Hill . When parliament met, however, in October 1680, his election was declared void . But now, under the See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that an See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance between Charles and Orange would be more hostile to English See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty than would the progress of the French arms, he acted with Barillon in influencing members of parliament in this sense, and is twice mentioned as receiving the sum of 500 guineas from the ambassador . Of this there is no actual See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof, and it is quite possible that Barillon entered sums in his accounts with Louis which he never paid away . In any See also:

case it is to be remembered that Sidney is not charged with receiving money for advocating opinions which he did not enthusiastically hold .

Upon the See also:

DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the last of Charles's parliaments the king issued a justificatory See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration . This was at once answered by a See also:

paper entitled A Just and Modest Vindication, &c., the first See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of which is imputed to Sidney . It was then, too, that his most celebrated See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, the Discourses concerning Government, was concluded, in which he upholds the See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine of the mutual compact and traverses the High Tory positions from end to end . In especial he vindicates the propriety of resistance to kingly oppression or See also:

MISRULE, LORD OF

misrule, upholds the existence of an hereditary See also:

NOBILITY

nobility interested in their country's See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good as the firmest barrier against such oppression, and maintains the authority of parliaments . In each point the English constitution, which he ardently admires, is, he says, suffering: the prerogatives of the See also:

CROWN

crown are disproportionately great; the See also:

peerage has been degraded by new creations; and parliaments are slighted . For a long while Sidney kept himself aloof from the See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Monmouth, to whom he was introduced by Lord See also:

Howard . After redoubtable chieftain till Sussex reluctantly returned to his duties in August 1559 . About the same time Sidney resigned his office of See also:

VICE

vice-treasurer of Ireland on being appointed See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Welsh See also:

MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches, and for the next few years he resided chiefly at Ludlow Castle, with frequent visits to the court in London . In 1565 Sidney was appointed lord See also:

DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy of Ireland in place of Sir See also:

Nicholas See also:

Arnold, who had succeeded the earl of Sussex in the previous See also:

YEAR

year . He found the country in a more impoverished and more turbulent See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition than when he left it, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief disturbing See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor being See also:

SHANE

Shane O'See also:

NEILL, JAMES GEORGE SMITH (1810-1857)

Neill in See also:

Ulster . With difficulty he persuaded See also:

Elizabeth to See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction vigorous See also:

MEASURES

measures against O'Neill; and although the latter successfully avoided a decisive encounter, Sidney restored O'Neill's See also:

RIVAL

rival See also:

CALVAGH

Calvagh O'Donnell to his rights, and established an English See also:

garrison at Derry which did something to maintain See also:

order . In 1567 Shane was murdered by the MacDonnells of See also:

Antrim (see O'NEILL), and Sidney was then free to turn his See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the south, where with vigour and determination he arranged the quarrel between the earls of See also:

Desmond and See also:

Ormonde, and laid his See also:

hand heavily on other disturbers of the peace; then, returning to Ulster, he compelled Turlough Luineach O'Neill, Shane's successor in the See also:

CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan chieftainship, to make submission, and placed garrisons at See also:

BELFAST

Belfast and See also:

CARRICKFERGUS

Carrickfergus to overawe See also:

Tyrone and the Glynns .

In the autumn of 1567 Sidney went to England, and was absent from Ireland for the next ten months . On his return he urged upon See also:

CECIL

Cecil the See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for measures to improve the economic condition of Ireland, to open up the country by the construction of roads and See also:

bridges, to replace the Ulster tribal institutions by a See also:

SYSTEM

system of See also:

FREEHOLD

freehold See also:

LAND

land See also:

TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure, and to repress the ceaseless disorder prevalent in every part of the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . In pursuance of this policy Sidney dealt severely with the unruly Butlers in See also:

Munster . At See also:

Kilkenny large See also:

numbers of Sir See also:

Edmund See also:

Butler's followers were hanged, and three of Ormonde's brothers were attainted by an See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the Irish parliament in 1570 . Enlightened steps were taken for the See also:

EDUCATION

education of the See also:

PEOPLE

people, and encouragement was given to See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant refugees from the See also:

NETHERLANDS

Netherlands to See also:

settle in Ireland . Sidney left Ireland in 1571, aggrieved by the slight appreciation of his statesmanship shown by the See also:

queen; but he returned thither in September 1575 with increased See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers and renewed tokens of royal approval, to find matters in a worse state than before, especially in Antrim, where the MacQuillins of the Route and Sorley Boy See also:

MacDonnell (q.v.) were the chief fomenters of disorder . Having to some extent pacified this See also:

NORTHERN

northern territory, Sidney repaired to the south, where he was equally successful in making his authority respected . He left his See also:

mark on the administrative areas of the island by making See also:

SHIRE

shire divisions on the English See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model . At an earlier period he had already in the See also:

north combined the districts of the Ardes and Clandeboye to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Carrickfergus, and had converted the country of the O'Farrells into the county of See also:

LONGFORD

Longford; he now carried out a similar policy in See also:

Connaught, where the See also:

ancient Irish See also:

DISTRICT

district of See also:

THOMOND, EARL AND MARQUESS OF

Thomond became the county See also:

Clare, and the counties of See also:

GALWAY

Galway, See also:

Mayo, See also:

SLIGO

Sligo and See also:

Roscommon were also delimited . He suppressed a rebellion headed by the earl of See also:

Clanricarde and his sons in 1576, and hunted Rory O'More to his See also:

DEATH

death two years later . Meantime Sidney's methods of See also:

taxation had caused discontent among the gentry of the See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

Pale, who carried their grievances to Queen Elizabeth . Greatly to Sidney's chagrin the queen censured his extravagance, and notwithstanding his distinguished services to the crown he was recalled in September 1578, and was coldly received by Elizabeth .

He lived chiefly at Ludlow Castle for the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his See also:

LIFE

life, performing his duties as president of the Welsh Marches, and died there on the 5th of May 1586 . Sir Henry Sidney was the ablest statesman charged with the government of Ireland in the 16th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; and the meagre recognition which his unrewarded services received was a conspicuous example of the ingratitude of Elizabeth . Sidney married in 1551 See also:

Mary, eldest daughter of See also:

John See also:

Dudley, duke of Northumberland, by whom he had three sons and four daughters . His eldest son was Sir Philip Sidney (q.v.), and his second was 42 the death of See also:

Shaftesbury, however, in November 1682, he entered into the conferences held between Monmouth, See also:

Russell, See also:

Essex, See also:

Hampden and others . That treasonable talk went on seems certain, but it is probable that matters went no further . The watchfulness of the court was, however, aroused, and on the See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of the See also:

Rye House Plot, Sidney, who had always been regarded in a vague way as dangerous, was arrested while at See also:

DINNER

dinner on the 26th of June 1683 . His papers were carried off, and he was sent at once to the See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower on a See also:

charge of high See also:

TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . For a considerable while no See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence could be found on which to establish a charge . See also:

JEFFREYS, GEORGE JEFFREYS, 1ST BARON (1648-1689)

Jeffreys, however, was made lord chief-See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice in September; a See also:

JURY

jury was packed; and, after consultations between the See also:

JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge and the crown lawyers, Sidney was brought to listen to the See also:

INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment on the 7th of November . The trial began on the 21st of November: Sidney was refused a copy of the indictment, in See also:

DIRECT

direct violation of See also:

law, and he was refused the assistance of counsel . Hearsay evidence and the testimony of the perjured informer Lord Howard, whom Sidney had been instrumental in introducing to his friends, were first produced . This being insufficient, partial extracts from papers found in Sidney's study, and supposed only to .be in his hand-See also:

writing, in which the lawfulness of resistance to oppression was upheld, were next relied on .

He was indicted for " conspiring and compassing the death of the king." Sidney conducted his case throughout with great skill; he pointed especially to the fact that Lord Howard, whose character he easily tore to shreds, was the only See also:

witness against him as to treason, whereas the law required two, that the treason was not accurately defined, that no proof had been given that the papers produced were his, and that, even if that were proved, these papers were in no way connected with the charge . Against the determination to secure a conviction, however, his courage, eloquence, coolness and skill were of no avail, and the See also: