See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

ERNST See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

WERNER VON See also:

• ERNST WERNER VON SIEMENS (1816-1892)
• SIEMENS, SIR WILLIAM [KARL WILHELM] (1823-1883)

SIEMENS (1816-1892)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German electrician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 13th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1816 at Lenthe in See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover . After attending the gymnasium at See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, he entered the Prussian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army as a volunteer, and for three years was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil in the Military See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . In 1838 he received a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission as See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, and six years later he was appointed to the responsible See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the artillery workshops . In 1848 he had the task of protecting the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• KIEL

Kiel against the Danish See also:

• FLEET

fleet, and as commandant of Friedrichsort built the fortifications for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Eckernforde See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year he was entrusted with the laying of the first See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph See also:

• LINE

line in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, that between Berlin and See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main, and with that See also:

• WORK

work his military career came to an end . Thenceforward he devoted his energies to furthering the interests of the newly founded See also:

• FIRM

firm of See also:

• SIEMENS, ERNST WERNER VON (1816-1892)
• SIEMENS, SIR WILLIAM [KARL WILHELM] (1823-1883)

Siemens and Halske, which under his guidance became one of the most important See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical undertakings in the See also:

• WORLD

world, with branches in different countries that gave it an See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence; in the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house he was associated with See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Siemens, one of his younger See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers . Although he had a decided predilection for pure See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, his scientific work was naturally determined to a large extent by the demands of his business, and, as he said when he was admitted to the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1874, the filling up of scientific voids presented itself to him as a technical See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity . Considering that his entrance into commercial See also:

• LIFE

life was almost synchronous with the introduction of electric telegraphy into Germany, it is not surprising that many of his inventions and discoveries relate to telegraphic apparatus . In 1847, when he was a member of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee appointed to consider the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the electric telegraph by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, he suggested the use of See also:

• GUTTA (Latin for " drop ")

gutta-percha as a material for insulating metallic conductors . Then he investigated the electrostatic charges of telegraph conductors and their See also:

• LAWS

laws, and established methods for testing underground and submarine cables and for locating faults in their insulation; further, he carried out observations and experiments on electrostatic See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction and the retardation it produced in the See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of the current . He also devised apparatus for duplex and diplex telegraphy, and automatic recorders . In a somewhat less specialized See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere, he was an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of the desirability of establishing some easily reproducible basis for the measurement of electrical resistance, and suggested that the unit should be taken as the resistance of a See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of pure See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury one See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre high and one square millimetre in See also:

• CROSS

cross-See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, at a temperature of o°C .

Another task to which he devoted much See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was the construction of a See also:

• SELENIUM [symbol Se, atomic weight 79.2 (O=16)]

selenium photometer, depending on the See also:

• PROPERTY

property possessed by that substance of changing its electrical resistance according to the intensity of the See also:

• LIGHT

light falling upon it . He also claimed to have been, in 1866, the discoverer of the principle of self-excitation in See also:

• DYNAMO (a shortened form of " dynamo-electric machine," from Gr. Sbvaµis, power)

dynamo-electric See also:

• MACHINES

machines, in which the residual See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism of the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron of the electro-magnets is utilized for excitation, without the aid of permanent See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel magnets or of a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate exciting current . In another See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science he wrote several papers on meteorological subjects, discussing among other things the See also:

• CAUSATION

causation of the winds and the forces which produce, maintain and retard the motions of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . In 1886 he devoted See also:

• HALF

half a million marks to the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt at See also:

• CHARLOTTENBURG

Charlottenburg, and in 1888 he was ennobled . He died at Berlin on the 6th of December 1892 . His scientific See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs and addresses were collected See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand published in an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation in 1892, and three years later a second See also:

• VOLUME

volume appeared, containing his technical papers .