SIEVES  , See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

EMMANUEL-See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH (1748-1836), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe and statesman, one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief theorists of the revolutionary and See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic era, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• FREJUS

Frejus in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France on the 3rd of May 1748 . He was educated for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church at the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne; but while there he eagerly imbibed the teachings of See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke, See also:

• CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE (1715—178o)

Condillac, and other See also:

• POLITICAL

political thinkers, in preference to See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . Nevertheless he entered the church, and owing to his learning and subtlety advanced until he became See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres . In 1788 the excitement caused by the proposed See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation of the States General of France after the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of more than a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and a See also:

• HALF

half, and the invitation of See also:

• NECKER, JACQUES (1732—1804)

Necker to writers to See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state their views as to the constitution of the Estates, enabled Sieyes to publish his celebrated pamphlet, "What is the Third See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

Estate?" Ile thus begins his See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer,—" Everything . What has it been hitherto in the political See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order ? Nothing . What does it See also:

• DESIRE

desire ? To be something." For this mot he is said to have been indebted to See also:

• CHAMFORT, SEBASTIEN ROCH NICOLAS (1741-1794)

Chamfort . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, the pamphlet had a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue, and its author, despite doubts See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt as to his clerical vocation, was elected as the last (the twentieth) of the deputies of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris to the States General . Despite his failure as a See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker, his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence became great; he strongly advised the constitution of the Estates in one chamber as the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly, but he opposed the abolition of See also:

• TITHES

tithes and the See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of church lands . Elected to the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee on the constitution, he opposed the right of " See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto " for the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, which See also:

• MIRABEAU, ANDRE BONIFACE LOUIS RIQUETI, VICOMTE DE (1754-1792)
• MIRABEAU, HONORS GABRIEL RIQUETI, COMTE DE (1749-1791)
• MIRABEAU, VICTOR RIQUETI, MARQUIS DE (1715-1789)

Mirabeau unsuccessfully supported . For the most See also:

• PART

part, however, he veiled his opinions in the National Assembly, speaking very rarely and then generally with oracular brevity and See also:

• AMBIGUITY (Fr. ambiguite, med. Lat. ambiguitas, from Lat. ambiguus, doubtful; ambi, both ways, agere, to drive)

ambiguity .

He had a considerable influence on the framing of the depart-See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• SYSTEM

system, but after the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1790 his influence was eclipsed by men of more determined See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Only once was he elected to the See also:

• POST

post of fortnightly See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Constituent Assembly . Excluded from the Legislative Assembly by See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre's self-denying See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance, he reappeared in the third National Assembly, known as the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1792–September 1i95); but there his self-effacement was even more remarkable; it resulted partly from disgust, partly from timidity . He even abjured his faith at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• INSTALLATION

installation of the goddess of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason; and afterwards he characterized his conduct during the reign of terror in the ironical phrase, J'ai vecu . He voted for the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI., but not in the contemptuous terms La molt sans phrases sometimes ascribed to him . He is known to have disapproved of many of the provisions of the constitutions of the years 1791 and 1793, but did little or nothing to improve them . In 1795 he went on a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSION

mission to the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, and was instrumental in See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up a treaty between the French and Batavian republics . He dissented from the constitution of 1795 (that of the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory) in some important particulars, but without effect, and thereupon refused to serve as a Director of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic . In May 1798 he went as the plenipotentiary of France to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin in order to try to induce See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia to make See also:

• COMMON

common cause with France against the Second See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

Coalition . His conduct was skilful, but he failed in his See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECT

object . The See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige which encircled his name led to his being elected a Director of France in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• REWBELL, JEAN FRANCOIS (1747-1807)

Rewbell in May 1799 . Already he had begun to intrigue for the overthrow of the Directory, and is said to have thought of favouring the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent to See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power at Paris of persons so unlikely as the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

Archduke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles and the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick .

He now set himself to See also:

• SAP

sap the See also:

• BASE

base of the constitution of 1795 . With that aim he caused the revived Jacobin See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club to be closed, and made overtures to General See also:

• JOUBERT, BARTHELEMY CATHERINE (1769–1799)
• JOUBERT, JOSEPH (1754–1824)
• JOUBERT, PETRUS JACOBUS (1834–1900)

Joubert for . a coup d'etat in the future . The death of Joubert at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Novi, and the return of See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte from See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt marred his schemes; but ultimately he came to an understanding with the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young general (see See also:

• NAPOLEON

NAPOLEON I.) . After the coup d'etat of See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire, Sieyes produced the perfect constitution which he had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been planning, only to have it completely remodelled by Bonaparte . Sieyes soon retired from the post of provisional See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, which he accepted after Brumaire; he now became one of the first senators, and rumour, probably rightly, connected this retirement with the acquisition of a See also:

• FINE

fine estate at Crosne . After the See also:

• BOMB

bomb See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of 1800 (the affair of Nivose) Sieyes in the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate defended the arbitrary and illegal proceedings whereby Bonaparte rid himself of the leading See also:

• JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins . During the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire he rarely emerged from his retirement, but at the time of the See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon restorations (1814 and 1815) he See also:

• LEFT

left France . After the See also:

• JULY

July revolution (183o) he returned; he died at Paris on the zoth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1836 . The thin, See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-See also:

• DRAWN

drawn features of Sieyes were the See also:

• INDEX

index of his mind, which was keen-sighted but narrow, dry and essentially limited . His lackof character and wide sympathies was a misfortune for the National Assemblies which he might otherwise have guided with effect . See A . Neton, Sieyes (1748–1836) d'apres documents inedits (Paris, 1900) ; also the chief histories on the French Revolution and the Napoleonic empire .

(J . HL .