See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

SIGNATURE (through Fr. from See also:

• LAT

Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, token, sign)  , a distinguishing sign or See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, especially the name, or something representing the name, of a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person used by him as affixed to a document or other See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing to show that it has been written by him or made in accordance with his wishes or directions (see AUTOGRAPH, See also:

• MONOGRAM (from Late Lat. monogramma, in Late Gr. µovoypaµµov, from µovos, single, ypaµµa, letter)

MONOGRAM, &c.) . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early sense of something which "signifies," i.e. marks a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, quality or meaning, the word was formerly also used widely, but now chiefly in technical applications . In old medical theory, See also:

• PLANTS

plants and minerals were supposed to be marked by some natural sign or See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol which indicated the particular medicinal use to which they could be put; thus yellow See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers were to be used for See also:

• JAUNDICE (Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow), or IUTERUS (from its resemblance to the colour of the golden oriole, of which Pliny relates that if a jaundiced person looks upon it he recovers but the bird dies)

jaundice, the See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

scorpion-grass," the old name of the forget-me-not, was efficacious for the bite of the scorpion; many superstitions were based on the human shape of the roots of the See also:

• MANDRAKE (Mandragora officinarum)

mandrake or mandragora; the See also:

• BLOODSTONE

bloodstone was taken to be a cure for hemorrhage; this theory was known as the "See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of signatures." (See T . J . Pettigrew, Superstitions connected with See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine or See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

Surgery, 1844.) In See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing or See also:

• BOOK

book- binding the " See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature " is a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter or figure placed at the bottom of the first See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page of a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of a book, as an assistance to the binder in folding and arranging the sections consecutively; hence it is used of a See also:

• SHEET

sheet ready folded . In See also:

• MUSIC

music it is the See also:

• TERM

term applied to the signs affixed at the beginning of the stave showing the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key or tonality and the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time or See also:

• RHYTHM (Greek pvBµds, from bap, to flow)

rhythm (see MUSICAL NOTATION) . SIGN-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

BOARD, strictly a board placed or hung before any See also:

• BUILDING

building to designate its See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French enseigne indicates its essential connexion with what is known in See also:

• ENGLISH

English as a See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag (q.v.), and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France See also:

• BANNERS, FEAST OF (Jap. Nobori-no-Sekku)

banners not infrequently took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of sign-boards in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Sign-boards, however, are best known in the shape of painted or carved advertisements for shops, inns, &c:, they are in fact one of various emblematic methods used from time immemorial for publicly calling See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the place to which they refer . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Egyptians and Greeks are known to have used signs, and many See also:

• ROMAN

Roman examples are preserved, among them the widely-recognized See also:

• BUSH

bush to indicate a See also:

• TAVERN

tavern, from which is derived the See also:

• PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)

proverb " See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine needs no bush." In some cases, such as the bush, or the three balls of pawnbrokers, certain signs became identified with certain trades, but apart from these the emblems employed by traders—evolving often into See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-marks—may in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part be grouped according to their various origins . Thus, at an early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the See also:

• CROSS

cross or other sign of a religious character was used to attract Christians, whereas the sign of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun or the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon would serve the same purpose for pagans . Later, the See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of the coats of arms or badges of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families became See also:

• COMMON

common; these would be described by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people without See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of See also:

• HERALDRY

heraldry, and thus such signs as the Red See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion, the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

Dragon, &c., have become See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar .

Another class of sign was that which exhibited merely persons employed in the various trades, or See also:

• OBJECTS

objects typical of them, but in large towns where many practised the same trade, and especially, as was often the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, where these congregated mainly in the same See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street, such signs did not provide sufficient distinction . Thus a variety of devices came into existence—sometimes the trader used a See also:

• REBUS (Lat. rebus, " by things ")

rebus on his own name (e.g. two cocks for the name of See also:

• COX, DAVID (1783-1859)
• COX, JACOB DOLSON (1828-1900)
• COX, KENYON (1856– )
• COX, RICHARD (I3oo ?–1581)
• COX, SAMUEL (1826–1893)
• COX, SAMUEL HANSON (1793-1880)
• COX, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM (1827-1902)

Cox) ; sometimes he adopted any figure of an See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal or other See also:

• OBJECT

object, or portrait of a well-known person, which he considered likely to attract attention . Finally we have the common association of two heterogeneous objects, which (apart from those representing a rebus) were in some cases merely a whimsical See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination, but in others arose from a popular misconception of the sign itself (e.g. the combination of the " See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg and See also:

• STAR

star " may have originated in a See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the insignia of the garter), or from corruption in popular speech (e.g. the combination " See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat and compasses " is said by some to be a corruption of " See also:

• GOD

God encompasses ") . Whereas the use of signs was generally optional, publicans were on a different footing from other traders in this respect . As early as the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century there was a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England compelling them to exhibit signs, for in 1393 the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of a publican for not doing so is recorded . In France edicts were directed to the same end in 1567 and 1577 . Since the object of sign-boards was to attract the public, they were often of an elaborate character . Not only were the signs themselves large and sometimes of great See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic merit (especially in the 16th and 17th centuries, when they reached their greatest See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue) but the posts or See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal supports protruding from the houses over the street, from which the signs were swung, were often elaborately worked, and many beautiful examples of wrought-See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron supports survive both in England and on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent . The signs were a prominent feature of the streets of See also:

• LONDON

London at this period . But here and in other large towns they became a danger and a See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance in the narrow ways . Already in 1669 a royal See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order had been directed in France against the excessive See also:

• SIZE

size of sign-boards and their See also:

• PROJECTION

projection too far over the streets . In See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1761 and in London about 1762-1773 See also:

• LAWS

laws were introduced which gradually compelled sign-boards to be removed or fixed See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat against the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall .

For the most part they only survived in connexion with inns, for which some of the greatest artists of the time painted sign-boards, usually representing the name of the See also:

• INN

inn . With the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual abolition of sign-boards the numbering of houses began to be introduced in the 18th century in London . It had been attempted in Paris as early as 1512, and had become almost universal by the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th century, though not enforced until 18o5 . It appears to have been first introduced into London early in the 18th century . Pending this development, houses which carried on trade at See also:

• NIGHT

night (e.g. See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee houses, &c.) had various specific arrangements of See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights, and these still survive to some extent, as in the case of doctors' dispensaries and chemists' shops . See See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Larwood and See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden Hotten, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Sign-boards (London, 1866) .