See also:

• SIKH

SIKH See also:

• WARS

WARS  , two See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns fought between the Sikhs and the See also:

• BRITISH

British, which resulted in the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest and See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of the See also:

• PUNJAB

Punjab (see PUNJAB) . First See also:

• SIKH

Sikh See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (1845-46).-The first Sikh War was brought about by the insubordination of the Sikh See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, which after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Ranjit Singh became uncontrollable and on the 11th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1845 crossed the See also:

• SUTLEJ

Sutlej, and virtually declared war upon the British . The British authorities had foreseen the outbreak, and had massed sufficient troops at Ferozepore, See also:

• LUDHIANA

Ludhiana and See also:

• UMBALLA

Umballa to protect the frontier, but not to offer provocation . So See also:

• COMPLETE

complete were the preparations for advance that on the 12th, the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day after the Sikhs crossed the Sutlej, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• GOUGH, HUGH GOUGH, VISCOUNT (1779-1869)
• GOUGH, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW (1817-1886)
• GOUGH, RICHARD (1735-1809)

Gough, the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, marched 16 m. with the Umballa force to Rajpura; on the 13th the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• HARDINGE, HENRY HARDINGE, VISCOUNT (1785-1856)

Hardinge, declared war, and by the 18th the whole army had marched 15o m. to See also:

• MOODKEE, or MUDKI

Moodkee, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to protect Ferozepore from the Sikh attack . Wearied with their See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march, the British troops were enjoying a See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, when the See also:

• NEWS

news came in that the Sikhs were advancing to See also:

• BATTLE

battle at four o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock in the afternoon . The British had some ro,000 men, and the Sikhs are estimated by some authorities as See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low as ro,o0o See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry with 2000 See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and 22 guns . The battle opened with an See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel, in which the British guns, though inferior in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, soon silenced the enemy, the 3rd See also:

• LIGHT

Light Dragoons delivered a brilliant See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, and the infantry drove the enemy from position after position with See also:

• GREAT

great slaughter and the loss of seventeen guns . The victory was complete, but the fall of See also:

• NIGHT

night prevented it from being followed up, and caused some of the native regiments to See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire into each other in the confusion . After the battle of Moodkee Sir Henry Hardinge volunteered to serve as second in command under Sir Hugh Gough, a step which caused some confusion in the ensuing battle . At 4 A.M. on the 21st of December the British advanced shaose . - shah from Moodkee to attack the Sikh entrenched See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp under the command of Lal Singh at See also:

• FEROZESHAH

Ferozeshah, orders having been sent to Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Littler, in command at Ferozepore, to join the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main British force . At 1r A.M. the British were in front of the Sikh position, but Sir John Littler, though on his way, had not yet arrived .

Sir Hugh Gough wished to attack while there was plenty of daylight; but Sir Henry Hardinge re-asserted his See also:

• CIVIL

civil authority as governor-general, and forbade the attack until the junction with Littler was effected . The army then marched on to meet Littler and the battle did not begin until between 3.30 and 4 P.M . The engagement opened with an artillery duel, in which the British again failed to gain the mastery over the Sikhs . The infantry, therefore, advanced to the attack; but the Sikh muskets were as See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good as the British, and fighting behind entrenchments they were a most formidable foe . Sir John Littler's attack was repulsed, the 62nd See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment losing heavily in See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and men, while the sepoys failed to support the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European regiments . But the Moodkee force, undaunted, stormed and captured the entrenchment, though the different brigades and regiments lost position and became mixed up together in the darkness . The army then passed the night on the Sikh position, while the Sikhs prowled See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round keeping up an incessant fire . In the See also:

• MORNING

morning the British found that they had captured seventy-three pieces of See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon and were masters of the whole See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field; but at that moment a fresh Sikh army, under Tej Singh, came up to the assistance of the scattered forces of Lal Singh . The British were exhausted with their sleepless night, the native troops were shaken, and a determined attack by this fresh army might have won the day; but Tej Singh, after a See also:

• HALF

half-hearted attack, which was repulsed, marched away, whether from cowardice, incapacity or See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, and See also:

• LEFT

left the British masters of the position . After the battle of Ferozeshah the Sikhs retired behind the Sutlej, but See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• JANUARY

January they again raided across the See also:

• RIVER

river near Ludhiana, and Sir Harry See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith was detached See also:

• ALIWAL

Aliwal. to protect that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . On the 21st of January he was approaching Ludhiana when he found the Sikhs under Runjoor Singh in an entrenched position flanking his See also:

• LINE

line of march at Budhowal . Sir Harry Smith passed on without fighting a general See also:

• ACTION

action, but suffered considerable loss in men and baggage .

After receiving reinforcements Sir Harry again advanced from Ludhiana and attacked the Sikhs at Aliwal on the 28th of January . An attack upon the Sikh left near the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Aliwal gave Sir Harry the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of the position, and a brilliant charge by the 16th Lancers, which See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke a Sikh square, completed their demoralization . The Sikhs fled in confusion, losing sixty-seven guns, and by this battle were expelled from the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Sutlej . Ever since Ferozeshah Sir Hugh Gough had been waiting to receive reinforcements, and on the 7th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February his See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train arrived, while on the following day Sir Harry sohraon . Smith's force returned to camp . On the loth of February Sir Hugh attacked the Sikhs, who occupied a strong entrenched position in a See also:

• BEND

bend of the Sutlej . After two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours' cannonading, the infantry attack commenced at 9 A.M . The advance of the first See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade was not immediately successful, but the second brigade following on carried the entrenchments . The cavalry then charged down the Sikh lines from right to left and completed the victory . The Sikhs, with the river behind them, suffered terrible carnage, and are computed to have lost mo,000 men and 67 guns . The British losses throughout the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign were considerably heavier than was usual in Indian warfare; but this was partly due to the fact that the Sikhs were the best natural fighters in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and partly to the lack of See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of the See also:

• HINDOSTANI
• HINDOSTANI (properly Hindustani, of or belonging to Hindostan')

Hindostani sepoys . After the battle of See also:

• SOBRAON

Sobraon the British advanced to See also:

• LAHORE

Lahore, where the treaty of Lahore was signed on the 11th of March .

Second Sikh War (1848-7849).—For two years after the battle of Sobraon the Punjab remained a British See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate, with Sir Henry See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence as See also:

• RESIDENT

resident; but the Sikhs were unconvinced of their military inferiority, the Rani Jindan and her ministers were constantly intriguing to recover their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and a further trial of strength was inevitable . The outbreak came at See also:

• MULTAN, or MOOLTAN

Multan, where on the 20th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1848 the troops of the See also:

• DEWAN

Dewan Mulraj broke out and attacked two British officers, Mr Vans See also:

• AGNEW, DAVID HAYES (1818–1892)

Agnew and See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant See also:

• ANDERSON
• ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
• ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
• ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
• ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
• ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
• ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
• ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
• ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)

Anderson, eventually murdering them . On See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of the incident, Lieut . See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• EDWARDES, SIR HERBERT BENJAMIN (1819-1868)

Edwardes, who was Sir Henry Lawrence's assistant in the Derajat, advanced upon Multan with a force of levies See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the See also:

• PATHAN

Pathan tribes of the frontier; but he was not strong enough to do more than keep the enemy in check until Multan was invested by a Bombay See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column under General Whish . In the meantime Edwardes wished for an immediate British advance upon Multan; but See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Gough, as he had now become, decided on a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season campaign, on the ground that, if the Sikh See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government at Lahore joined in the rising, the British would require all their available strength to suppress it . Multan was invested on the 18th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August by General Whish in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with the Sikh general Shere Singh; but during the course of the siege Shere Singh deserted and joined the rebels, thus turning the rising into a See also:

• NATIONAL

national war . The siege of Multan was temporarily abandoned, but was resumed in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, when Lord Gough's main advance had begun, and Mulraj surrendered on the 22nd of January . In the meantime Lord Gough had collected his army and stores, and on the 9th of November crossed the Sutlej . On the 22nd of November there was a cavalry skirmish at Ramnagar, in which General See also:

• CURETON, WILLIAM (1808-1864)

Cureton and See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• HAVELOCK, SIR HENRY (1795-18J7)

Havelock were killed . For a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month after this Lord Gough remained C611llan- inactive, waiting to be reinforced by General Whish from Multan; but at last he decided to advance without General Whish, and fought the battle of See also:

• CHILLIANWALLA

Chillianwalla on the 13th of January 1849 . Lord Gough had intended to encamp for the night; but the Sikh guns opening fire revealed the fact that their army had advanced out of its intrenchments, and Lord Gough decided to seize the opportunity and attack at once . An See also:

• HOUR

hour's artillery duel showed that the Sikhs had the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage both in position and guns, and the infantry advance commenced at three o'clock in the afternoon .

The battle resulted in great loss to the European regiments, the 24th losing all its officers in a few minutes, while the See also:

• TOTAL

total loss in killed and wounded amounted to 2338; but when darkness See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell the British were in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the whole of the Sikh line . Lord Gough subsequently retired to the village of Chillianwalla, and the Sikhs returned and carried off their guns . After the battle Lord Gough received an See also:

• OVATION (Lat. ovatio)

ovation from his troops, but his losses were thought excessive by the public in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and the See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company, and Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier was appointed to supersede him . Before, however, the latter had See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to reach India, the crowning victory of See also:

• GUJRAT

Gujrat had been fought and won . After the fall of Multan General Whish marched to join Lord Gough, and the junction of the two armies was effected on the Gujrat . 18th of February . In the meantime the Sikhs had withdrawn from their strong intrenchments at Russool, owing to want of provisions, and marched to Gujrat, which Lord Gough considered a favourable position for attacking them . By a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches he prepared the way for his " last and best battle." In this engagement, for the first time in either of the Sikh See also:

• WARS

wars, the British had the superiority in artillery, in addition to a picked force of 24,000 men . The battle began on the morning of the 21st of February with two and a half hours' artillery fire, which was overwhelmingly in favour of the British . At 11.30 A.M . Lord Gough ordered a general advance covered by the artillery; and an hour and a half later the British were in possession of the See also:

• TOWN

town of Gujrat, of the Sikh camp, and of the enemy's artillery and baggage, and the cavalry were in full pursuit on both flanks . In this battle the British only lost 96 killed and 700 wounded, while the Sikh loss was enormous, inaddition to 67 guns .

This decisive victory ended the war . On the 12th of March the Sikh leaders surrendered at discretion, and the Punjab was annexed to British India . See Sir Charles Gough and A . D . Innes, The Sikhs and the Sikh Wars (1897) ; and R . S . Rait . See also:

• LIFE

Life and Campaigns of See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount Gough (1903) .