SILESIA  , the name of a See also:

• DISTRICT

district in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, the greater See also:

• PART

part of which is included in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and is known as German Silesia . A smaller part, called See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Silesia, is included in the empire of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary . German Silesia . • German Silesia is bounded by See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg, See also:

• POSEN
• POSEN (Polish Poznan)

Posen, See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia, Austrian Silesia, See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia, Bohemia and the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom and See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony . Besides the bulk of the old duchy of Silesia, it comprises the countship of See also:

• GLATZ (Slay. Kladsko)

Glatz, a fragment of the Neumark, and part of Upper See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia, taken from the kingdom of Saxony in 1815 . The province, which has an See also:

• AREA

area of 15,576 sq. m. and is the largest in See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, is divided into three governmental districts, those of See also:

• LIEGNITZ

Liegnitz and See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau comprising See also:

• LOWER

lower Silesia, and of See also:

• OPPELN (Polish, Oppolie)

Oppeln taking in the greater part of moun- tainous Silesia . Physiographically Silesia is roughly divided into a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat and a hilly portion by the so-called Silesian Langental, which begins on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east near the See also:

• RIVER

river Malapane, and extends across the province in a See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-by-See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north direction to the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• ELSTER

Elster, following in part the valley of the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder . The south-east part of the province, to the east of the Oder and south of the Malapane, consists of a hilly outpost of the Carpathians, the Tarnowitz See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, with a mean See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of about woo ft . To the west of the Oder the See also:

• LAND

land rises gradually from the Langental towards the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundary of the province, which is formed by the central part of the Sudetic See also:

• SYSTEM

system, including the Glatz Mountains and the See also:

• RIESENGEBIRGE (Bohemian Krkonose)

Riesengebirge (See also:

• SCHNEEKOPPE

Schneekoppe, 526o ft.) . Among the loftier elevations in advance of this southern barrier the most conspicuous is the Zobten (2356 ft.) . To the north and north-east of the Oder the province belongs almost entirely to the See also:

• GREAT

great North-German See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, though a hilly See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, rarely attaining a height of loco ft., may be traced from east to west, asserting itself most definitely in the Katzengebirge . Nearly the whole of Silesia lies within the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Oder, which flows through it from south-east to north-west, dividing the province into two approximately equal parts .

The See also:

• VISTULA (Ger. Weichsel, Polish Wisla)

Vistula touches the province on the south-east, and receives a few small tributaries from it, while on the west the See also:

• SPREE

Spree and Black Elster belong to the system of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe . The Iser rises among the mountains on the south . Among the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief feeders of the Oder are the Malapane, the Glatzer See also:

• NEISSE

Neisse, the Katzbach and the Bartsch; the See also:

• BOBER

Bober and Queiss flow through Silesia, but join the Oder beyond the frontier . The only See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of any extent is the Schlawa See, 7 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, on the north frontier; and the only navigable See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, the Klodnitz canal, in the See also:

• MINING

mining district of upper Silesia . There is a considerable difference in the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Lower and Upper Silesia; some of the villages in the Riesengebirge have the lowest mean temperature of any inhabited See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in Prussia (below 40° F.) . Of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area of the province 56% is occupied by arable land, 10.2 % by pasture and meadow, and nearly 29% by forests . The See also:

• SOIL

soil along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the mountains is generally See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and the district between See also:

• RATIBOR (Polish Raciborz)

Ratibor and Liegnitz, where 70 to 8o% of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface is under the plough, is reckoned one of the most fertile in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . The parts of lower Silesia adjoining Brandenburg, and also the district to the east of the Oder, are sandy and comparatively unproductive . The different cereals are all grown with success, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• RYE

rye sometimes in quantity enough for exportation . See also:

• FLAX

Flax is still a frequent See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop in the hilly districts, and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• BEETS, NIKOLAAS (1814-1903)

beets are raised over large areas . See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco, oil-seeds, See also:

• CHICORY

chicory and hops may also be sppeecified, while a little See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, of an inferior quality, is produced near (Griinberg . Mulberry trees for See also:

• SILK

silk-culture have been introduced and thrive fairly .

Large estates are the See also:

• RULE

rule in Silesia, where about a third of the land is in the hands of owners possessing at least 250 acres, while properties of 50,000 to 100,000 acres are See also:

• COMMON

common . The districts of Oppeln and Liegnitz are among the most richly wooded parts of Prussia . The See also:

• MERINO

merino See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep was introduced by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great, and since then the Silesian breed has been greatly improved . The See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and mountains See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour large quantities of See also:

• GAME

game, such as red See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, roedeer, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild boars and See also:

• HARES

hares . The See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery includes See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon in the Oder, See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout in the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain streams, and See also:

• CARP

carp in the small lakes or ponds with which the province is sprinkled . The great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Silesia, however, lies underground, in the shape of large stores of See also:

• COAL

coal and other minerals, which have been worked ever since the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The coal See also:

• MEASURES

measures of Upper Silesia, in the south-east part of the province, are among the most extensive in See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental Europe, and there is another large See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field near See also:

• WALDENBURG

Waldenburg in the south-west . The output in 1905 exceeded 34 million tons, valued at £12,500,000 See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling, and equal. to more than a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the entire yield of Germany . The district of Oppeln also contains a great quantity of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production in 1905 amounting to 862,000 tons . The deposits of See also:

• ZINC

zinc in the vicinity of See also:

• BEUTHEN, or NIEDERBEUTHEN
• BEUTHEN, or OBERBEUTHEN

Beuthen are perhaps the richest in the See also:

• WORLD

world, and produce two-thirds of the zinc ore of Germany (6o9,000 tons) . The remaining See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products include See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, from which a considerable quantity of See also:

• SILVER

silver is extracted, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt, See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic, the rarer See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal See also:

• CADMIUM (symbol Cd, atomic weight 112.4 (0=16))

cadmium, See also:

• ALUM

alum, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown coal, See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, and a few of the commoner See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones, jaspers, agates and amethysts . The province contains scarcely any See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt or brine springs, but there are well-known mineral springs at Warmbrunn, See also:

• SALZBRUNN

Salzbrunn and several other places .

A busy manufacturing activity has long been See also:

• UNITED

united with the underground See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Silesia, and the province in this respect is hardly excelled by any other part of Prussia . On the plateau of Tarnowitz the working and smelting of metals is the predominant See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, and in the neighbourhood of Beuthen, See also:

• KONIGSHUTTE

Konigshutte and See also:

• GLEIWITZ

Gleiwitz there is an almost endless See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of iron-See also:

• WORKS

works, zinc-foundries, See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-shops and the like . At the foot of the Riesengebirge, and along the southern mountain See also:

• LINE

line generally, the textile industries prevail . See also:

• WEAVING

Weaving has been practised in Silesia, on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, since the 14th century; and Silesian See also:

• LINEN

linen still maintains its reputation, though the conditions of production have greatly changed . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton and woollen goods of all kinds are also made in large quantities, and among the other See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial products are beetroot sugar, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, chemicals, tobacco, See also:

• STARCH

starch, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, pottery, and " Bohemian See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass." See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

Lace, somewhat resembling that of See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, is made by the See also:

• WOMEN

women of the mountainous districts . The See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of Silesia is scarcely so extensive as might be expected from its important industrial activity . On the east it is hampered by the stringent regulations of the Russian frontier, and the great waterway of the Oder, though in See also:

• PROCESS

process of being regulated, is sometimes too See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low in summer for See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . The See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the railway system has, however, had its usual effect in fostering See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, and the mineral and manufactured products of the province are freely exported . At the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1905 the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Silesia was 4,942,611, of whom 2,120,361 were Protestants, 2,765,394 Catholics and 46,845 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density is 317 per sq. m., but the See also:

• AVERAGE

average is of course very greatly exceeded in the industrial districts such as Beuthen . Three-fourths of the inhabitants and territory are . German, but to the east of the Oder the Poles, more than r,000,000 in number, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the bulk of the population, while there are about 15,500 Czechs in the south part of the province and 25,000 See also:

• WENDS

Wends near Liegnitz .

The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, most of whom are under the ecclesiastical sway of the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Breslau, are predominant in Upper Silesia and Glatz; the Protestants prevail in Lower Silesia, to the west of the Oder, and in Lusatia . The See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility is very numerous in Silesia, chiefly in the See also:

• POLISH

Polish districts . The educational institutions of the province are headed by the university of Breslau . In 1900 the percentage of illiterate recruits, in spite of the large Polish-speaking contingent, was only 0.05 . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and seat of the provincial See also:

• DIET

diet is Breslau (q.v.), which is also by far the largest and most important See also:

• TOWN

town . The towns next in point of See also:

• SIZE

size are See also:

• GORLITZ

Gorlitz, Liegnitz, Konigshiitte, Beuthen, See also:

• SCHWEIDNITZ

Schweidnitz, Neisse and See also:

• GLOGAU

Glogau . The province sends See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five members to the Reichstag and sixty-five to the Prussian chamber of deputies . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government divisions of Breslau and Oppeln together form the district of the 6th See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps with its headquarters at Breslau, while Liegnitz belongs to that of the 5th army corps, the headquarters of which are at Posen . Glogau, Glatz and Neisse are fortresses . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The beginnings of Silesian history do not reach back beyond the loth century A.D., at which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the district was occupied by clans of See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, one of which derived its name from the mountain Zlenz (mod . Zobtenburg), near Breslau, and thus gave rise to the See also:

• PRESENT

present appellation of the whole province . The See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology of place-names suggests that the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original population was See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic, but this conjecture cannot be verified in any See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical records .

About the See also:

• YEAR

year l000 the Silesian clans were incorporated in the kingdom of Poland, whose rulers held their ground with difficulty against continuous attacks by the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Bohemia, but maintained themselves successfully against occasional raids from Germany . The decisive See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the separation of Silesia from Poland was furnished by a See also:

• PARTITION

partition of the Polish See also:

• CROWN

crown's territories in 1138 . Silesia was henceforth constituted as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate principality, and in 1201 its See also:

• POLITICAL

political severance from Poland became See also:

• COMPLETE

complete A yet more important result of the partition of 1138 was the transference of Silesia to the German nation . The See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty which was then established was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Frederick See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa, and two princes who in 1163 divided the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty among themselves as See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Upper and Lower Silesia inaugurated the policy of inviting German colonists to their vacant domains . More extensive immigrations followed, in the course of which the whole of Silesia was covered with German settlements . The numerous townships which then sprang up acquired rights of self-government according to German See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Breslau being refounded about 1250 as a German town, and a feudal organization was introduced among the landholding nobility . By the end of the 13th century Silesia had virtually become a German land . This ethnical transformation was accompanied by a great rise in material prosperity . Large areas of See also:

• FOREST

forest or swamp were reclaimed for See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture; the great Silesian industries of mining and weaving were called into existence, and Breslau See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew to be a leading centre of See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for the wares of East and West . The growing resources of the Silesian duchies are exemplified by the strength of the army with which See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Lower Silesia, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the force of the Mongol invasion at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Liegnitz (1241), and by the glamour at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the Minnesinger, Henry IV . (1266-1290) . This prosperity, however, was checked by a growing tendency among the Silesian dynasties to make partitions of their territories at each new succession .

Thus by the end of the 14th century the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country had been split up into 18 principalities: Breslau, See also:

• BRIEG

Brieg, Glogau, See also:

• JAUER

Jauer, Liegnitz, See also:

• MUNSTERBERG
• MUNSTERBERG, HUGO (1863– )

Munsterberg, Ols, Schweidnitz and Steinau in Lower Silesia; Beuthen, Falkenberg, Kosel, Neisse, Oppeln, Ratibor, Strehlitz, See also:

• TESCHEN (Czech, Tesin; Polish, Cieszyn)

Teschen and See also:

• TROPPAU (Polish, Oppava; Czech, Opava)
• TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF

Troppau in the upper district . The See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty rulers of these sections wasted their strength with internecine quarrels and proved quite incompetent to check the lawlessness of their feudal vassals . See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save under the vigorous rule of some dukes of Lower Silesia, such as Henry I. and Bolko I., and the above-named Henry II. and IV., who succeeded in reuniting most of the principalities under their sway, the country See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of growing anarchy . Unable to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute an effective See also:

• NATIONAL

national government, and unwilling to attach themselves again to Poland, the Silesian princes began about 1290 to seek the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the German dynasty then ruling in Bohemia . The intervention of these kings resulted in the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of their See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty over the whole of Silesia and the See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation cf several of its petty states as crown domains . The earliest of these Bohemian overlords, King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John and the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV., fully justified their intrusion by the vigorous way in which they restored See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and regularized the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration; in particular, the cities at this time attained a high degree of material prosperity and political importance . Under later rulers the connexion with Bohemia brought the Silesians no benefit, but involved them in the destructive Hussite See also:

• WARS

wars . At the outbreak of this conflict in 1420 they gave ready support to their king See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund against the Bohemian rebels, whom they regarded as dangerous to their German nationality, but by this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act they exposed themselves to a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of invasions (1425–1435) by which the country was severely devastated . In consequence of these raids the German See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of population in Upper Silesia permanently lost ground; and a complete restitution of the Slavonic nationality seemed imminent on the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of the Hussite, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Podiebrad, to the Bohemian kingship in 1457 . Though most of the Silesian dynasts seemed ready to acquiesce, the burghers of Breslau fiercely repudiated the new suzerain, and before he could enforce his claims to See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage he was ousted by the Hungarian king, See also:

• MATTHIAS
• MATTHIAS (1557-1619)

Matthias See also:

• CORVINUS, JANOS [JOHN] (1473–1504)

Corvinus, who was readily recognized as overlord (1469) . Matthias enforced his authority by the vigorous use of his mercenaries and by wholesale confiscations of the lands of turbulent nobles . By instituting a permanent diet of Silesian princes and estates to co-operate with his vicegerent, he took an important step towards the abolition of particularism and the establishment of an effective central government .

In spite of these reforms the Silesians, who See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt severely the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial exactions of Matthias, began to resent the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Bohemian crown . Profiting by the feebleness of Matthias' successor Vladislav, they extorted concessions which secured to them a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy . These privileges still remained to them at the outset of the religious See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, which the Silesians, in spite of their See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic zeal during the Hussite wars, accepted readily andcarried out with singularly little opposition from within or without . But a drastic revolution in their government was imposed upon them by the German king, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I., who had been prevented from interference during his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early reign by his wars with the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, and who showed little disposition to check the Reformation in Silesia by forcible means, but subsequently reasserted the control of the Bohemian crown by a series of important enactments . He abolished all privileges which were not secured by See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter and imposed a more rigidly centralized See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of government in which the activities of the provincial diet were restricted to some judicial and financial functions, and their freedom in matters of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy was withdrawn altogether . Henceforth, too, annexations of territory were frequently carried out by the Bohemian crown on the extinction of Silesian dynasties, and the surviving princes showed an increasing reluctance to the exercise of their authority . Accordingly the Silesian estates never again See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose to exercise initiative save on rare occasions, and from 1550 Silesia passed almost completely under foreign administration . An uneventful See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period followed under the rule of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg, which united the kingship of Bohemia with the archduchy of Austria and the imperial crown . But this See also:

• RESPITE (O. Fr. respit, modern repit, Lat. respectus, regard, consideration, respicere, to look back at)

respite from trouble was ended by the outbreak of the Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (1618–48), which brought Silesia to the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of ruin . Disquieted by some forcible attempts on See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph II.'s part to suppress Protestantism in certain parts of the country, and mistrusting a formal See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty which was given to them in 1609, the Silesians joined hands with the Bohemian insurgents and renounced their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to their Austrian ruler . Their defection, which was terminated by a See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation in 1621, was not punished severely, but in spite of their See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to maintain See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality henceforth they were quite unable to secure See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . Silesia remained a See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective of the various contending armies and was occupied almost continuously by a succession of See also:

• ILL

ill-disciplined See also:

• MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary forces whose depredations and exactions, accentuated at times by religious fanaticism, reduced the country to a state of helpless misery .

Three-quarters of the population are estimated to have lost their lives, and commerce and industry were brought to a standstill . Recovery from these disasters was retarded by the permanent diversion of trade to new centres like See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, and by a state of unsettlement due to the government's disregard of its guarantees to its See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant subjects . A greater measure of religious liberty was secured for the Silesians by the representatives of King Charles XII. of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden on their behalf, and effective measures were taken by the emperor Charles VI. to stimulate commercial intercourse between Silesia and Austria . Nevertheless in the earlier part of the 18th century the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the country still remained unsatisfactory . An important See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the history of Silesia is marked by the year 1740, when the dominion of Austria was exchanged for that of Prussia . Availing himself of a testamentary See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union made in 1537 between the duke of Liegnitz and the elector of Brandenburg, and of an attempt by the elector Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it into force in spite of its annulment by Ferdinand I. in 1546, Frederick II. of Prussia raised a claim to the former duchies of Liegnitz, Brieg, See also:

• JAGERNDORF (Czech, Krnov)

Jagerndorf and Wohlau . The empress Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa, who was at this time involved with other enemies, was unable to prevent the occupation of Lower Silesia by Frederick and in 1741 ceded that province to him . In the following year Frederick renewed his attack and extorted from Austria the whole of Silesia except the districts of Troppau, Teschen and Jagerndorf, the present province of Austrian Silesia . Though constrained by the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general dangers of her position to make terms with Prussia, Maria Theresa long cherished the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of recovering a See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession which she, unlike her predecessors, valued highly and held by a far better See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title than did her opponent . A second war which Frederick began in 1744 in anticipation of a See also:

• COUNTER

counter-attack from her only served to strengthen his hold upon his See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest; but in the famous Seven Years' War (q.v.) of 1756–63 the Austrian empress, aided by See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, almost effected her purpose . Silesia was repeatedly overrun by Austrian and Russian troops, and Frederick's ultimate See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion seemed only a question of time . Yet the Prussian king recovered his lost ground by gigantic efforts and eventually retained his Silesian territory undiminished .

The See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation by Frederick was followed by a complete reorganization in which the obsolete See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the See also:

• LOCAL

local dynasts were abolished and Silesia became a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere province of the highly centralized Prussian state . Owing to the lack of a corporate Silesian consciousness and the feebleness of their local institutions, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people soon became reconciled to their See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of rulers . Moreover Frederick, who had proved by his wars the importance which he attached to Silesia, was indefatigable in times of peace in his attempts to justify his usurpation . Making yearly visits to the country, and further keeping himself in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with it by means of a See also:

• SPECIAL

special " See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of Silesia," he was enabled to effect numerous political reforms, chief of which were the strict enforcement of religious See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration and the restriction of oppressive seignorial rights . By liberal endowments and See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute but judicious regulations he brought about a rapid development of Silesian industries; in particular he revived the mining and weaving operations which at present constitute the country's chief source of wealth . After its See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation with Prussia Silesia ceases to have an independent political history . During the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic wars it was partly occupied by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French troops (1806-1813), and at the beginning of the War of Liberation it was the chief See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of operations between the French and the allied armies . In 1815 it was enlarged by a portion of Lusatia, which had become detached from Silesia as far back as the rrth century and since then had been annexed to the kingdom of Saxony . During the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the 19th century its peace has been interrupted from time to time by riots of discontented weavers . But the general See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of recent times has been one of industrial development and prosperity hardly inferior to that of any other part of Germany . See C . Grunhagen, Geschichte Schlesiens (2 vols., See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1884—1886), and Schlesien unter See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich dem Grossen (2 vols., Gotha, 1890-1892) ; M .

Morgenbesser, Geschichte von Schlesien (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1892) ; Knotel, Geschichte Oberschlesiens (See also:

• KATTOWITZ

Kattowitz, 1906); H . See also:

• GROTEFEND, GEORG FRIEDRICH (1775-1853)

Grotefend, Stammtafeln der schlesischen Fiirsten bis 1740 (Breslau, 1889) ; F . Rachfahl, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Organisation der Gesamtstaatsverwaltung Schlesiens vor dem dreissigjdhrigen Kriege (Leipzig, 1894); H . See also:

• FECHNER, GUSTAV THEODOR (1801-1887)

Fechner, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des schlesischen See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg- and Huttenwesens 1741—1806 (Berlin, 1903) ; see also the Zeitschrift des Vereins See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Geschichte and Altertum Schlesiens (Breslau, 1855 sqq.), and Oberschlesische Heimat, Zeiischrift des oberschlesischen Geschichtsvereins (Oppeln, 1905 sqq.) . Austrian Silesia . Austrian Silesia (Ger . Osterreichisch-Schlesien) is a duchy and crownland of Austria, bounded E. by Galicia, S. by Hungary and Moravia, W. and N. by Prussian Silesia . It has an area of 1987 sq. m. and is the smallest province of Austria . Silesia is divided by a projecting See also:

• LIMB

limb of Moravia into two small parts of territory, of which the western part is flanked by the Sudetic mountains, namely the Altvater Gebirge; while the eastern part is flanked by the Carpathians, namely the Jablunka Gebirge with their highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak the See also:

• LISSA (Polish Lezno)
• LISSA (Serbo-Croation Vis; Lat. Issa)

Lissa Hora (4346 ft.) . A great See also:

• PRO

pro-portion of the surface of Silesia is occupied by the offshoots of these ranges . The province is traversed by the Vistula, which rises in the Carpathians within eastern Silesia, and by the Oder, with its affluents the Oppa and the Olsa . Owing to its mountainous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and its slopes towards the N. and N.E., Silesia has a somewhat severe climate for its See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature being 50° F., while the annual rainfall varies from 20 to 30 in .

Of the total area 49.4% is arable land, 34.2 % is covered by forests, 6.2 % by pasturages, while meadows occupy 5.8% and gardens 1.3 % . The soil cannot, as a rule, be termed See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, although some parts are fertile and produce cereals, vegetables, beetroot and