See also:

• SILISTRIA (Bulgarian Silistra)

SILISTRIA (Bulgarian Silistra)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department in See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria and the see of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, situated on a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula projecting into the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, 81 m. below See also:

• RUSTCHUK (Bulg. Russe); the capital of the department of Rustchuk, Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, where it receives the E. Lem. Pop. (r906) 33

Rustchuk and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the frontier of the Rumanian See also:

• DOBRUDJA (Bulgarian Dobritch, Rumanian Dobrogea)

Dobrudja . Pop . (1892) 11,718; (1900) 12,133; (1908) 12,055, of whom 6142 were Bulgarians and 4126 See also:

• TURKS

Turks . The town was formerly a fortress of See also:

• GREAT

great strength, occupying the N.E. corner of the famous See also:

• QUADRILATERAL

quadrilateral (Rustchuk, Silistra, See also:

• SHUMLA (Bulgarian Shumen, Turkish Shumna)

Shumla, See also:

• VARNA

Varna), but its fortifications were demolished in accordance with the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Treddty (1878) . In the town is a large subterranean cavern, the Houmbata, which served as a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge for its inhabitants during frequent bombardments . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is in cereals; See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood are also exported . The town is surrounded by See also:

• FINE

fine vineyards, some 30 kinds of grapes being cultivated, and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco is grown . Sericulture, formerly a flourishing See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, has declined owing to a disease of the See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• WORMS

worms, but efforts have been made to revive it . See also:

• APICULTURE (from Lat. apis, a bee)

Apiculture is extensively practised and there are large See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardens in the neighbourhood, The See also:

• SOIL

soil of the department is fertile, but lacking in See also:

• WATER

water; the inhabitants have excavated large receptacles in which See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-water is stored . A considerable See also:

• AREA

area is still covered with See also:

• FOREST

forest, to which the region owes its name of Deli Orman (" the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild wood") ; there are extensive tracts of pasturage, but See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-rearing declined in 188o-191o . A large cattle-See also:

• FAIR

fair, lasting three days, is held in May . The town possessed in 1910 one See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• FLOUR

flour-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill and some See also:

• CLOTH

cloth factories and tanneries .

See also:

• SILISTRIA (Bulgarian Silistra)

Silistria was the Durostorum of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans (Bulgarian Drstr) ; the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient name remains in the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the archbishop, who is styled See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of Dorostol, and whose See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese is now See also:

• UNITED

united with that of Tcherven (Rustchuk) . It was one of the most and veritably worshipped; and he was the happy possessor of their estates at See also:

• TUSCULUM

Tusculum and See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . The later See also:

• LIFE

life of Silius was passed on the Campanian See also:

• SHORE

shore, hard by the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, at which he offered the See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage of a devotee . He closely emulated the lives of his two great heroes: the one he followed in composing epic See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, the other in debating philosophic questions with his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of like tastes . Among these was See also:

• EPICTETUS (born c. A.D. 6o)

Epictetus, who judged him to be the most philosophic spirit among the Romans of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and See also:

• CORNUTUS, LUCIUS ANNAEUS

Cornutus, the Stoic, rhetorician and grammarian, who appropriately dedicated to Silius a commentary upon Virgil . Though the verse of Silius is not wrapped in Stoic gloom like that of See also:

• LUCAN

Lucan, yet Stoicism lends in many places a not ungraceful gravity to his poem . Silius was one of the numerous Romans of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• EMPIRE

empire who had the courage of their opinions, and carried into perfect practice the theory of See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide adopted by their school . Stricken by an incurable See also:

• TUMOUR (Lat. tumor, a swelling)

tumour, he starved himself to See also:

• DEATH

death, keeping a cheerful countenance to the end . Whether Silius committed to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing his philosophic dialogues or not, we cannot say . See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

Chance has preserved to us his epic poem entitled Punica, in seventeen books, and comprising some fourteen thousand lines . In choosing the Second Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War for his subject, Silius had, we know, many predecessors, as he doubtless had many followers . From the time of See also:

• NAEVIUS, GNAEUS (c. 264–? 194 B.C.)

Naevius onwards every great military struggle in which the Romans had been engaged had found its poet over and over again .

In See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice to Silius and Lucan, it should be observed that the mythologic poet had a far easier task than the historic . In a well-known passage See also:

• PETRONIUS (G. (?)1

Petronius pointedly describes the difficulties of the historic theme . A poet, he said, who should take upon him the vast subject of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars would break down beneath the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden unless he were " full of learning," since he would have not merely to See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record facts, which the historians did much better, but must possess an unshackled See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, to which full course must be given by the use of digressions, by bringing divine beings on to the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, and by giving generally a mythologic tinge to the subject . The Latin See also:

• LAWS

laws of the historic epic were fixed by See also:

• ENNIUS, QUINTUS (239-170 B.c.)

Ennius, and were still binding when Claudian wrote . They were never seriously infringed, except by Lucan, who substituted for the dei ex See also:

• MACHINES

machines of his predecessors the vast, dim and imposing Stoic conception of destiny . By protracted application, and being " full of learning," Silius had acquired excellent recipes for every ingredient that went to the making of the conventional historic epic . Though he is not named by See also:

• QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian, he is probably hinted at in the mention of a class of poets who, as the writer says, " write to show their learning." To seize the moments in the See also:

• HISTORY

history, however unimportant, which were capable of picturesque treatment; to pass over all events, however important, which could not readily be rendered into heroics; to stuff out the somewhat See also:

• MODERN

modern heroes to something like Homeric proportions; to subject all their movements to the passions and caprices of the Olympians; to ransack the See also:

• POETRY

poetry of the past for incidents and similes on which a slightly new See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face might be put; to foist in by well-worn artifices episodes, however See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange to the subject, taken from the mythologic or historic glories of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and See also:

• GREECE

Greece,—all this Silius knew how to do . He did it all with the languid See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of the inveterate connoisseur, and with a simplicity See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign to his time, which sprang in See also:

• PART

part from cultivated See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and horror of the venturesome word, and in part from the subdued See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of a life which had come unscathed through the reigns of Caligula, See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero and See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian . The more threadbare the theme, and the more worn the machinery, the greater the need of genius . Two of the most rigid requirements of the ancient epic were abundant similes and abundant single combats . But all the obvious resemblances between the actions of heroic See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and See also:

• EXTERNAL

external nature had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been worked out, while for the renovation of the single combat little could be done till the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of the Homeric type was replaced by the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight . Silius, however, had perfect poetic appreciation, with scarce a trace of poetic creativeness .

No writer has ever been more correctly and more uniformly judged by contemporaries and by posterity alike . Only the shameless flatterer, See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial, ventured to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call important towns of See also:

• MOESIA (Gr. Muck and Mveia i)

Moesia Inferior and was successively the headquarters of the legio I . (Italica) and the legio XI . (Claudia) . It was defended by the Bulgarian See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon against the See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars and Greeks in 893 . In 967 it was captured by the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince Sviatoslav, whom the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Nicephorus See also:

• PHOCAS

Phocas had summoned to his assistance . In 971 Sviatoslav, after a three months' heroic See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, surrendered the town to the Byzantines, who had meanwhile become his enemies . In 1388 it was captured by the Turks under See also:

• ALI

Ali See also:

• PASHA

Pasha, the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• VIZIER

vizier of the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan See also:

• MURAD, or AMURATH

Murad . A few years later it seems to have been in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Walachian prince Mircea, but after his defeat by Mahommed I. in 1416 it passed finally into the hands of the Turks . Silistria flourished under See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• RULE

rule; Hajji See also:

• KHALIFA, THE

Khalifa describes it as the most important of all the Danubian towns; a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek metropolitan was installed here with five bishops under his See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control and a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Ragusan merchants kept alive its commercial interests . In 1810 the town was surrendered to the Russians under Kamenskiy, who destroyed its fortifications before they withdrew, but they were rebuilt by foreign See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers, and in 1828–1829 were strong enough to offer a serious resistance to the Russians under Diebich, who captured the town with the loss of 3000 men . At that date the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population including the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison was 24,000, but in 1837 it was only about 4000 .

The town was held in See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge by the Russians for the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a war See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity (1829–1836) . During the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1854 it was successfully defended by See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Krach against the Russians under Paskievich; the See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of its defences had been strengthened before this time by the outlying fortresses Medjid-tabia (built by See also:

• ENGLISH

English engineers) and Arab-tabia . It was again invested by the Russians in 1877, and on the conclusion of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was evacuated by the Turks . (J . D .