See also:

• SILVANUS (Lat. silva, wood)

SILVANUS (See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

silva, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood)  , a deity or spirit of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian woodland; not, however, of the wholly See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild woodland, but of that which See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders the clearings in a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country not entirely re-claimed . Thus he is partly wild and partly civilized, and reflects the experience of the earliest settlers in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, whose descendants took him with them to the farthest limits of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, even to See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, where we have many votive See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions to him, always as the friendly deity dwelling outside the new clearing, benevolent towards the settler in a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• LAND

land . This leading characteristic of See also:

• SILVANUS (Lat. silva, wood)

Silvanus is shown clearly in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman literature: See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace writes of the " horridi dumeta Silvani " (Odes, iii . 29) but he also calls him " See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor finium " (Epod. ii . 22) while for See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil he is " arvorum pecorisque See also:

• DENS, PETER (1690-1775)

dens " (Aen. viii . 600) . A writer on land measurement (Script. See also:

• GROMATICI (from groma or gruma, a surveyor's pole)

gromatici, i . 302) tells us that each holding had three Silvani—domcsticus (of the holding itself), agrestis (of the wilder pasture-land) and orientalis (of the boundaries) . It is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain that in him the Italians had a very useful deity, and in all these capacities he became extremely popular, as the extraordinary number of his inscriptions shows . Unlike See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars, from whom he was probably in origin an offshoot (cf. the Mars Silvanus of See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato, De re rustica, 141; see MARS), he never made his way into the towns, but is almost the only Roman deity who from first to last retained the same perfectly intelligible rustic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . His See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double nature as deity of woodland and cultivated land is seen well in the See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic representations of him; he carries a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree in one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, a pruning-See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook in the other . See Wissowa, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (1904, p .

78 See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell.) . (W . W . F.*) S.'.LVER (See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol Ag, from the Latin argentum, atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 107.88 (0-16)), a metallic chemical See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, known from the earliest times and of See also:

• GREAT

great importance as a " See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble " See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal for articles of value—coinage, ornamentation and See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry . Etymologically the word " See also:

• SILVER

silver " probably refers to the shining See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance or brightness of the metal . The Latin argentum is cognate with the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek lipyvpor, silver, which in turn is derived from 6.py6s, shining . The See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Keseph is connected with a See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root meaning " to be See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale." The alchemists named it See also:

• LUNA (mod. Luni)
• LUNA, ALVARO DE (d. 1453)

Luna or See also:

• DIANA

Diana, and denoted it by the See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon; the first name has survived in lunar See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic, silver nitrate . Silver is widely diffused throughout nature, occurring in See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute amount in See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• WATER

water, and in the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom as the See also:

• FREE

free metal, as an See also:

• AMALGAM

amalgam with See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury and as See also:

• ALLOYS (through the Fr. aloyer, from Lat. alligare, to combine)

alloys with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and other metals . Native silver is occasionally met with in metalliferous See also:

• VEINS

veins, where it has been formed by the alteration of silver-bearing minerals . It crystallizes in the cubic See also:

• SYSTEM

system, but the crystals are usually distorted and indistinctly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed: See also:

• TWISTED

twisted See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-like forms are much more See also:

• COMMON

common . The best crystallized specimens have been obtained from See also:

• KONGSBERG

Kongsberg in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, large masses, weighing as much as 5 cwts., having been found . It is also found in other silver mines, especially those of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile; in the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior copper See also:

• MINING

mining region it occurs in association with native copper .

The element is a constituent of many mineral sulphides, some of which are of sufficiently frequent occurrence to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as ores of silver . Of these the more important are noticed under Metallurgy; here we may See also:

• NOTICE

notice the rarer minerals . Silver sulphide, Ag2S, occurs naturally as the orthorhombic acanthite, and the cubic See also:

• ARGENTITE

argentite; the telluride, Ag2Te, named hessite, assumes cubic forms; other tellurides containing silver are petzite, (Ag,Au)2Te, and See also:

• SYLVANITE

sylvanite, AuAgTe4 . In association with antimonious and arsenious sulphides, silver sulphide forms many important minerals, which sometimes See also:

• PRESENT

present dimorphous forms, reflecting the dimorphism of silver sulphide; moreover, the corresponding arsenious and antimonious compounds are frequently isomorphous . This is illustrated by the hexagonal See also:

• PYRARGYRITE

pyrargyrite 3Ag2S•Sb2S3, and See also:

• PROUSTITE

proustite, 3Ag2S•As2S3, and the See also:

• MONOCLINIC

monoclinic pyrostilpnite, isomeric with pyrargyrite, and xanthoconite, isomeric with proustite . Other pairs of isomorphous argentiferous minerals are: the cubic polybasite, 9Ag2S•Sb2S3, and pearceite, 9Ag2S•As2S3; and the See also:

• GERMANIUM

germanium minerals See also:

• ARGYRODITE

argyrodite, 4Ag2S•GeS2, and canfieldite, 4Ag2S•(Sn,Ge)S2 . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Properties.—In appearance silver presents a pure See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour with a perfect metallic lustre . It is the most malleable and ductile of all metals with the exception of gold: one gramme can be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn out into a wire 18o metres See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, and the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf can be beaten out to a thickness of x.00025 mm.; traces of See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic, See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony, See also:

• BISMUTH

bismuth and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, however, make it brittle . In hardness it is superior to gold, but inferior to copper . Its specific gravity, according to G . See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose, lies between 20.514 and to-619 at 14°O; an See also:

• AVERAGE

average value is 10.57 . Its specific See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is 0.05701 (See also:

• REGNAULT, HENRI (1843-1871)
• REGNAULT, HENRI VICTOR (1810-1878)
• REGNAULT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1754-1829)

Regnault) or 0•0559 (See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM VON (1811-1899)

Bunsen); its coefficient of linear expansion is 0.00001921 .

Its thermal conductivity is, according to See also:

• WIEDEMANN, GUSTAV HEINRICH (1826-1899)

Wiedemann and See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz, superior to that of other metals, being in the ratio of zoo : 74 as compared with copper and too : 54 with gold; it is the most perfect conductor of See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity, See also:

• STANDING

standing to copper in the ratio zoo: 75, and to gold 100:73 . Silver melts at about loon° C.; See also:

• RECENT

recent determinations give 960.7° (Heycock and See also:

• NEVILLE, GEORGE (c. 1432-1476)
• NEVILLE, or NEVILL
• NEVILLE, RALPH (d. 1244)

Neville) and 9620 (See also:

• BECQUEREL

Becquerel); at higher temperatures it volatilizes with the formation of a pale See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue vapour (See also:

• STAS, JEAN SERVAIS (1813–1891)

Stas) . Its vapour See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density has been determined at 2000°, and corresponds to a monatomic See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule . When molten; silver occludes the See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, absorbing 20 times its own See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the See also:

• GAS

gas; the oxygen, however, is not permanently retained, for on cooling it is expelled with great violence; this phenomenon is known as the " spitting " of silver . It is prevented by preserving the molten metal from contact with See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air by covering the See also:

• SURFACE

surface with non-oxidizing agents, or by traces of copper, bismuth or See also:

• ZINC

zinc . Chemical Properties.—Silver is not oxidized by oxygen, but resembles mercury in being oxidized by See also:

• OZONE

ozone . It has no See also:

• ACTION

action on water . It is readily soluble in dilute nitric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, nitric See also:

• OXIDE

oxide and silver nitrate being formed; it also dissolves in hot, strong sulphuric acid, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur dioxide being evolved . Hydrochloric acid forms a surface film of silver chloride; hydriodic acid readily dissolves it, while hydrofluoric acid is without action . Sulphuretted See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen is decomposed with the formation of a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black coating of silver sulphide; this is the explanation of the black tarnish seen when silver is exposed to the fumes of See also:

• COAL

coal gas, and other sulphuretted compounds, such as occur in eggs . The so-called " oxidized " silver is a copper-silver alloy coated superficially with a layer of the sulphides by See also:

• IMMERSION (Lat. immersio, dipping),

immersion in See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium sulphide or otherwise . Silver combines with the free See also:

• HALOGENS

halogens on See also:

• HEATING

heating and also with sulphur .

Molecular silver is a See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder obtained by leaving metallic zinc in contact with silver chloride which has been precipitated in the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and washed till nearly free from acid . The powder is separated from the zinc, washed with hydrochloric acid, dried in the air, and then gently heated to 150° . It assumes a metallic lustre on burnishing or heating to redness . It receives application in synthetic organic See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry by virtue of its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to remove the halogen atoms from alkyl haloids, and so effect the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the two alkyl residues . Colloidal silver is the name given by See also:

• CAREY, HENRY (d. 1743)
• CAREY, HENRY CHARLES (1793-1879)
• CAREY, WILLIAM (1761-1834)

Carey See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea to the precipitates obtained by adding reducing solutions, such as ferrous sulphate, tartrates, citrates, See also:

• TANNIN, or TANNIC ACID

tannin, &c., or to silver solutions . They dissolve in water to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form solutions, which do not penetrate See also:

• PARCHMENT

parchment membranes, hence the name colloidal . Many other methods of preparing these substances are known . Bredig's See also:

• PROCESS

process consists in passing an electric arc between silver electrodes under water, when a See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution is obtained . See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

Production.—The economic questions which attend the production of silver and the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence which gold and silver exercise on prices are treated in the articles See also:

• MONEY

MONEY and See also:

• BIMETALLISM

BIMETALLISM; the reader is referred to the former See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article for the See also:

• HISTORY

history of silver production and to the topographical headings for the production of specific countries . Since the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual production has increased: the following table gives the average annual production in moo oz. over certain periods: Over two-thirds of the See also:

• WORLD

world's See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is derived from Mexico and the See also:

• UNITED

United States . The Mexican mines first sent supplies to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in the 16th century, and during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period 1781-1800 yielded two-thirds of the world's production . Although the production has de-creased relatively, yet it has increased enormously absolutely; in 1900, it was 55,804,420 oz., being second to the United States; in 1905 it was 73,838,066 oz., establishing a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record for any single country .

The United States came into prominence in about 1860, and the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the famous Comstock lode in See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada led to an enormous increase in the production . The production of this lode declined in 1876, but the See also:

• TOTAL

total production of this country was in-creased by discoveries in See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado (See also:

• LEADVILLE

Leadville) and Nevada (See also:

• EUREKA

Eureka) ; and in more recent years silver-producing areas in other states (See also:

• MONTANA

Montana, See also:

• UTAH

Utah, See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho) have been exploited . In 1860 the production was 116,019 oz., which increased to 1,546,920 in 1861; in 1872 it was 22,254,002 oz.; in 1888, 45,792,682; in 1890, 54,516,300 oz.; in 1900, 57,647,000; and in 1905, 58,918,839 oz . S . See also:

• AMERICA

America has furnished See also:

• EUROPEAN

European supplies since the discovery of the See also:

• POTOSI

Potosi mines of Peru in 1533; See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia and Chile are also notable producers . Of European producers, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria are the most important; See also:

• GREECE

Greece, Italy, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia occupy secondary positions . The See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mines were worked in the loth century; at the beginning of the 16th century the production was over 400,000 oz. annually; this dropped in the following century to about one-See also:

• HALF

half; it then recovered, and in recent times has enormously increased, attaining 12,535,238 oz. in 1905 . The mines of Spain, neglected See also:

• LATE

late in the 15th century on the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of supplies from America, came into See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note in 1827; the output has since greatly increased, amounting to 3,774,989 oz. in 1905 . Austria-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary was producing twice as much as Germany, and about one-half of the total European production, in the 16th century; the yield diminished in the ensuing century, to be subsequently increased . The output was about 1,800,000 oz. in 1905 . The total European supply was about 17,000,000 oz. in 1900 and about i8,600,000 oz. in 1905 . Of other countries we may notice See also:

• CANADA

Canada, which produced 4,468,225 OZ. in 1900 and 5,974,875 oz. in 1905, and See also:

• JAPAN

japan, which produced about670,000 oz. in 1880 and 3,215,000 oz. in 1905 .

See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia came into notice chiefly by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of the discoveries at Broken See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, New See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales; these mines producing 36,608 oz. in 1885, 1,016,269 in 1886, and 7,727,877 oz. in 1890 . The total Australasian production in 1900 was 14,063,244 oz. and 14,362,639 OZ. in 1905 . Metallurgy . From the metallurgical point of view, silver ores may be classified as real silver ores and argentiferous ores . The former consist of silver minerals and See also:

• GANGUE, or CANG

gangue (vein See also:

• MATTER

matter, country-See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock) . The leading silver minerals are native silver; argentite or silver glance, Ag2S, usually containing small amounts of lead, copper and See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin; dyscrasite or antimonial silver, Ag2Sb to Ag13Sb, an isomorphous mixture of silver and antimony; proustite or See also:

• LIGHT

light red silver ore, Ag3AsS3; pyrargyrite or dark red silver ore, Ag3SbS3; See also:

• STEPHANITE

stephanite, Ag5SbS4; miargyrite, AgSbS2; stromeyerite, CuAgS; polybasite, 9(Cu2S,Ag2S).(Sb2S3,As2S3); See also:

• CERARGYRITE

cerargyrite or See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn silver, AgCI; bromite or bromargyrite, AgBr; embolite, Ag(Cl,Br); iodite or iodargyrite, AgI . Metalliferous products containing silver arise in many operations; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief products which may yield silver economically are copper and lead mattes, burnt argentiferous See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites and certain drosses and scums . Argentiferous ores consist of silver-bearing See also:

• BASE

base-metal minerals and gangue . Lead and copper ores, carrying silver in some form or other, are the leading representatives . The silver is extracted from the gangue with the base metal, usually by smelting, and the two are then separated by See also:

• SPECIAL

special processes (see LEAD) . Milling, i.e. amalgamation and lixiviation, is cheaper than smelting, but the yield in silver is See also:

• LOWER

lower . Often it is more profitable to See also:

• SMELT (Osmerus eperlanus; Fr. eperlan; Scotch sparling or spirling)

smelt real silver ores with argentiferous ores than to See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill them, the greater cost being more than balanced by the increased yield .

Milling is practised mainly in isolated localities near the mine producing the ore . As any given region is opened up by See also:

• RAIL

rail-ways, cheapening transportation, milling is See also:

• APT

apt to give way to smelting . Thus on the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, which produces the bulk of the world's silver, milling is still prominent in S . America and Mexico, while in the United States it has to a considerable extent been replaced by smelting . Amalgamation is based on the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of quicksilver to See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract the silver from finely-pulverized ore and collect it in the form of an amalgam . When the rock has been separated from the amalgam by a washing operation, the quicksilver is recovered by See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation in an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• RETORT (Lat. retorquere, to twist or turn back)

retort, and the remaining crude retort-silver melted into bars and shipped to a refinery, which removes the impurities, the leading one of which is copper . A silver ore is either free-milling or refractory, that is, the silver mineral is readily amalgamated or it is not . In free-milling ore the silver is present either in the native See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, or as chloride or as See also:

• SIMPLE

simple sulphide . Complex silver minerals (sulph-arsenides and antimonides) which are difficult to amalgamate must be made amenable to quicksilver, and the simplest way of doing this is to convert the silver into chloride . This is imperfectly accomplished, in the wet Way, by cupric and cuprous chloride solutions, but completely so, in the dry way, by roasting with See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt (chloridizing roasting) . According as a preliminary chloridizing roast has or has not been given, the process is classed as roast-amalgamation or raw-amalgamation . The leading raw-amalgamation processes are the See also:

• PATIO

Patio and Washoe; then follow the Cazo, Fondon and Krohnke; of the roast-amalgamation processes, the European See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

Barrel or See also:

• FREIBERG, or FREYBERG

Freiberg, the Reese See also:

• RIVER

River and the See also:

• FRANCK
• FRANCK, CESAR (1822-1890)
• FRANCK, or FRANK [latinized FRANCUS], SEBASTIAN (c. 1499-c. 1543)

Franck-Tina are the most important .

The Patio process, sometimes named the American-heap-amalgamation process, which is carried out principally in Mexico, aims at 1841-1850 . 1851-1860 . 1861-1865 . 1866-1870 . 1871-1875 . 1876-1880 . 1881-1885 . 1886-1890 . 1891-1895 . 25,090 28,792 35,402 43,052 63,318 78,777 87,272 See also:

• I10

I10,356 158,942 1900 . 1901 . 1902 .

1903 . 1904 . 1905 . 1906 . 1907 . 1908 . 180,093 174,851 164,560 170,128 182,262 189,830 165,640 184,894 203,186 amalgamating the silver in the open in a circular enclosure termed a torta, the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of which is generally built of flagstones . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to facilitate the decomposition of the silver-mineral, salt and magistral, i.e. cupriferous pyrites roasted to convert the copper into soluble sulphate, which is the active See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, are worked into the wet pulp spread out on the floor . The amalgamation proceeds very slowly, as the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole extraneous heat is that of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . According to Laur (" Metallurgie de l'argent au Mexico," See also:

• ANN

Ann. See also:

• DES

des mines, See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series 6, vol. xx.), at Guanaxuato, Mexico, 92.79 % of the total silver recovered was extracted after 12 days, 97.55% after 25 days, 99.1% after 28 days and See also:

• I00

I00% after 33 days . The loss of quicksilver in the process is large, owing to the formation of See also:

• CALOMEL

calomel which is not saved . The yield in silver is See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low unless the ores are exceptionally free-milling; the See also:

• BULLION

bullion produced is high-grade, as refractory silver minerals are hardly attacked .

The process is suited to easy ores and a region where the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is warm and dry, and See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse- or See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule-power, labour and quicksilver are cheaper than See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel and water . The Washoe process of See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan-amalgamation, named from the Washoe See also:

• DISTRICT

district in the United States, is the leading raw-amalgamation process of the United States, where it was introduced in 1861 by A . B . See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul . It consists in wet-stamping coarsely crushed ore, settling the sands and slimes produced, and grinding and amalgamating them in See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-heated iron pans with or without the use of chemicals (salt and copper sulphate) . The ores may contain a larger proportion of sulphides and complex silver minerals than with the Patio process and still give a satisfactory extraction . They are crushed to See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg-See also:

• SIZE

size in a rock-breaker, and pulverized to pass a 4o-mesh See also:

• SIEVE (O.E. sife, older sibi, cf. Dutch zeef, Ger. Sieb; from the subst. comes O.E. siftan, to sift)

sieve in a See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp-mill, which treats in 24 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours about 3 tons per stamp . A to-stamp mill is fed by one rock-breaker, and discharges the liquid pulp into 10-15 wooden settling tanks, 9 by 5 by 8 ft., the settled contents of which are shovelled out and charged into the pans . The pan in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use is the combination pan . It has a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-iron bottom, 5 feet in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, and wooden sides about 30 inches high, the lower parts of which are lined with cast-iron . In the centre is a hollow See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone, through which passes the See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft, geared from below . This turns the grinding apparatus (See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver with " See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

muller "), which can be raised and lowered .

The See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed is 60-90 revolutions per minute . To the bottom and muller are attached grinding plates (shoes and See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies), which are replaced when worn; and to the sides three wings to deflect the moving pulp towards the centre, and thus establish the necessary pulp current . The lower See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the bottom has also a steam-See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest . A lo-stamp mill has 4-6 pans, which receive 2-ton charges . In working, the muller is raised z in., the pan charged with water and then with ore; the muller is then lowered, salt and blue See also:

• VITRIOL

vitriol added, and the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge ground for 3-4 hours . The pulp is heated with live steam to about 90° C., and kept at that temperature by exhaust steam in the bottom-chest . After grinding, the muller is raised and quicksilver added, and the silver up to 81.04 % then amalgamated in 4 hours . In amalgamating without the use of chemicals, finely divided iron, worn from the shoes and dies in the stamp-mill and the pan, de-composes cerargyrite and argentite, and the liberated silver is taken up by the quicksilver; the process is hastened by adding salt . When salt and copper sulphate are added to the charge, they form sodium sulphate and cupric chloride, both of which are readily soluble in water . Cupric chloride acts upon argentite (Ag2S+ CuC12 =2AgC1+CuS), proustite (4Ag3As$3+4CuCl2 =8AgCl+ 2Ag2S +4 CuS +2As2S3) , pyrargyrite (2Ag3SbS3+3CuC12 =6AgCl+ 3CuS+Sb2S3), and is also reduced to cuprous chloride by metallic iron . This salt, insoluble in water but soluble in brine, also acts upon argentite (Ag2S+Cu2C12=2AgC1+CuS+Cu) and pyrargyrite (2Ag3SbS3+Cu2C12=2AgCI+Ag2S+2Ag+2CuS+Sb2S3), and would give with silver sulphide in the presence of quicksilver, the Patio-reaction; metallic silver, cupric sulphide, and mercurous chloride (2Ag2S+Cu2Cl2+2Hg=4Ag+2CuS+HgiC12), but the iron decomposes the quicksilver salt, setting free the quicksilver . The amalgamation is rapid .

Thus See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin found that at the See also:

• CHARLESTON

Charleston See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona, 92.13% of the total silver recovered was extracted after i See also:

• HOUR

hour, 94.10% after 2 hours, 95.92% after 3 hours, and z00% after 4 hours . The loss in quicksilver is small, as there is no chemical loss inherent in the process; the yield is relatively high, but the bullion is liable to be low-See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of copper being precipitated and amalgamated . When the charge has been worked, the contents of the pan are discharged into a settler, in which the amalgam is separated from the sands . It has the same general construction as the pan . It is 8 ft. in diameter and 3 ft. deep . The bottom, slightly conical. has a groove near the circumference to catch the amalgam, which is withdrawn through a See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge-spout into a bowl . In the sides at different levels are three discharge-holes for water and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . The muller reaches to within 3 in. of the bottom and makes 12-15 revolutions per minute . In settling, the pulp is diluted by a small stream of water, and the thinned pulp drawn off, first through the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top discharge-hole and then through the other two, the bottom one being about 8 in. above the amalgam . Settling takes about half the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time required to See also:

• WORK

work a charge in the pan, hence one settler serves two pans . The amalgam is dipped out from the bowl into a See also:

• CANVAS

canvas bag (the strainer), to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate the excess of the quicksilver from the pasty amalgam, which is then retorted and melted . The cost of treating a ton of ore in the western See also:

• PART

part of the United States is from $3 to $7 .

At someworks treating ores containing sulphides which do not yield their silver to quicksilver, concentration apparatus (see ORE-DRESSING) is inserted between the stamps and the settling tanks to remove the sulphides, which are worked by themselves; at other See also:

• WORKS

works they are recovered from the sands after these have See also:

• LEFT

left the settlers . In order to do away with the handling of the wet pulp, and to obtain a higher extraction, M . P . See also:

• BOSS

Boss has modified the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary plant by making the pulp flowing from the stamps pass through a grinding pan, then through a series of amalgamating pans followed by a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of settlers . A 20-stamp mill is served by 12 men in 24 hours . The Washoe process is See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the climate, but it requires cheap power and an abundance of water . In the Cazo, Caldron or Hot process the pulverized silver ore is boiled in a copper-bottomed wooden vat, first with brine until the silver has been reduced by the copper, and then with quicksilver . The Fondon is an improvement on the Cazo . Bars of copper drawn over the bottom by mules or water-power (like the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone drags in the arrastra) grind off See also:

• FINE

fine particles of copper, which hasten the reduction of the silver and diminish the formation of calomel . In the Krohnke process introduced by B . Krohnke into Copiape, Chile, in 1860, the silver mineral of the pulverized ore is decomposed in a revolving barrel by a hot solution of cuprous chloride in brine in the presence of zinc or lead and quicksilver (see B . Krohnke, Methode zur Entsilberung von Erzen, See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1900) .

Chloridizing Roasting.—In a chloridizing roast See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine produces its effect as nascent chlorine or gaseous hydrochloric acid . The leading reagents are salt (NaCl), sulphur trioxide (SO3, produced in the roasting), and steam (See also:

• H2O (combined)

H2O) . The decomposition of salt is expressed by 2NaCl+2SO3 = Na2SO4+SO2+C12 . In the presence of water-vapour the following reaction takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place: 2NaCl+SO3+I1zO=Na2SO4+2HC1 . As some water-vapour is always present, hydrochloric acid will invariably be formed with the chlorine . The roasting is carried on in hand and See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical reverberatory furnaces, and occasionally in muffle-furnaces . A chloridation of over go% silver is the See also:

• RULE

rule . The European Barrel or Freiberg process consists in roasting the ground ore with salt which converts the silver sulphide into chloride . The See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, along with certain proportions of water, scrap-iron and mercury, is then placed in barrels, which are made to rotate so that the several ingredients are thoroughly mixed . The salt solution dissolves a small proportion of chloride, which in this form is quickly reduced by the iron to the metallic state . This solution and precipitation is continuous, and the metal formed unites with the mercury to form a semi-fluid amalgam . The amalgam is pressed in See also:

• LINEN

linen bags to eliminate a quantity of relatively silver-free liquid mercury (which is utilized as such in subsequent operations), and the remaining solid amalgam is subjected to distillation from iron re-torts .

This process was perfected at Freiberg, See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, but abandoned there in 1856 . In the United States it was used quite extensively in Colorado and Nevada, but has now been given up . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main reasons for this are the length of time required to finish a charge, on account of the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any extraneous source of heat, and the great care with which operations have to be carried out in order to obtain satisfactory results . The Reese River or pan-amalgamation process consists in dry-stamping crushed dried ore and dried salt . (separately or together), charging them into a roasting See also:

• FURNACE

furnace, and amalgamating the chloridized ore in an iron pan . The general arrangement and construction of a mill resemble those of the Washoe process . The apparatus for drying ore and salt varies greatly, drying-floors, dry-kilns and continuous mechanical reverberatory furnaces with stationary and revolving hearths being used . The general construction of the pan is the same as in the Washoe process; the management, however, differs . The steam-chest is not used to such an extent, as the bottom would be prematurely corroded; less water is used, as the pulp would become too thin on account of the soluble salts (sodium chloride, sulphate, &c.) going into solution; and the roasted ore is not ground, as the hot brine readily dissolves the silver chloride from the porous ore, and thus brings it into intimate contact with iron and quicksilver . Chemical reagents are sometimes added—See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime or sulphuric acid, to neutralize an excess of acid or See also:

• ALKALI

alkali; copper sulphate, to form cuprous chloride with sodium chloride; and iron and zinc, to make the galvanic action more energetic and reduce the See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption of iron . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the apparatus (settler, retort, crucible, furnace) is the same as with the Washoe process . The Reese River process See also:

• COSTS

costs from half as much again to twice as much as the Washoe process .

The See also:

• FRANCKE, AUGUST HERMANN (1663-1727)

Francke-Tina process, named from Francke, German See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul at Bolivia, and tina, the wooden vat in which the process is carried out. was developed in Bolivia for the treatment of refractory ores See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in zinc See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende and See also:

• TETRAHEDRITE

tetrahedrite (fahl-ore) . The ore is given only a partial chloridizing roast, on account of the great loss in silver that would be caused by the formation of zinc chloride . The large amount of soluble sulphates of iron and copper formed in the roast is made to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act upon salt charged in a copper-bottomed amalgamating pan; the chlorides formed finish in the wet way the imperfect chloridation obtained in the furnace . Lixiviation.—Ores suited for amalgamation can, as a rule, be successfully leached . Tn leaching, the silver ore is subjected to the action of solvents, which dissolve the silver; from the solution the silver is precipitated and converted into a marketable product . The leading solvents are aqueous solutions of thiosulphates, unsystematically but generally termed hyposulphites . Sodium chloride, characteristic of the Augustin process in which the ores, after a chloridizing roast, were extracted with brine, and the silver precipitated by copper, has almost wholly fallen into disuse; and See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]</