See also:

• SINGAPORE (Malay, Singapiira, i.e. " The City of the Lion")

SINGAPORE (See also:

• MALAY

Malay, Singapiira, i.e. " The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City of the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion")  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island situated at the S. extremity of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula in 1° 20' N., 103° 50' E . See also:

• SINGAPORE (Malay, Singapiira, i.e. " The City of the Lion")

Singapore is the Singapore most important See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of the Straits town . Settlements, which consists with it of See also:

• PENANG (Pulau Pinang, i.e. Areca-nut Island),

Penang, See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

Province See also:

• WELLESLEY
• WELLESLEY, RICHARD COLLEY WESLEY (or WELLESLEY)

Wellesley and the Dindings, and Malacca . The See also:

• PORT

port is one of the most valuable of the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor possessions of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, as it lies midway between See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and See also:

• CHINA

China, and thus forms the most important halting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the great trading-route to the Far See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . It is strongly fortified by forts and guns of See also:

• MODERN

modern type upon which large sums have been expended by the imperial See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, aided by a heavy See also:

• ANNUAL

annual military contribution payable by the colony and fixed at 20% o of its See also:

• GROSS

gross See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue . Its See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position gives it strategic value as a See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• BASE

base; and as a commercial centre it is without a See also:

• RIVAL

rival in this part of See also:

• ASIA

Asia . Its prosperity has been greatly enhanced by the rapid development of the Federated Malay States on the mainland . It possesses a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour; docks and extensive coaling-wharves, which have been acquired by government from the Tanjong Pagar See also:

• DOCK

Dock See also:

• COMPANY

Company, and are undergoing considerable extensions; an See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty dockyard; and many facilities for See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping . It is also resorted to by native sailing See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft from all parts of the Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago . On the island of Palau Brani stand the largest See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin-smelting See also:

• WORKS

works in existence, which for many years have annually passed through their furnaces more than See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• TOTAL

total tin output of the See also:

• WORLD

world . Singapore has also establishments for tinning pineapples, and a large See also:

• BISCUIT (pronounced according to the old spelling " bisket," a Fr. form from Lat. bis, twice, and coctum, cooked, in reference to the original method of preparation; cf. Ital. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, &c.)

biscuit factory . The town possesses few buildings of any See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, but governmenthouse, the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-courts, the See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol, the lunatic See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum and the Hong-See also:

• KONG

Kong and See also:

• SHANGHAI

Shanghai See also:

• BANK

Bank are exceptions, as also is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew .

There are three See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic churches, a See also:

• FREE

Free See also:

• KIRK, SIR JOHN (1832- )

Kirk, an See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• MISSION

mission, and several chapels belonging to See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

Nonconformist sects . The mosques and See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and See also:

• HINDU

Hindu temples are numerous . There are extensive military See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks at Tanglin . There is a good See also:

• RACE

race-course and See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

polo-ground, a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• CRICKET
• CRICKET (Gryllidae)

cricket-ground on the esplanade, three See also:

• GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

golf courses, and several clubs . The island is 27 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 14 M. broad, and is separated from the native See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• JOHOR (Johore is the local official, but incorrect spelling)

Johor, situated on the mainland of the Malay Peninsula, by a strait which, at its narrowest point, is less than 1 m. in width . A See also:

• LINE

line of railway connects the is/ slagaandpore 2 town of Singapore with the spot on the strait opposite to the town of Johor Bharu . The strait which divides the island from the Dutch islands of Bintang, Rhin, &c., bears the name of the Singapore Strait . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the island is undulating and diversified by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills, the highest point being Bukit Timah, on the N.W. of the town, which is a little over 500 ft. in See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude . Geologically, the core of the island consists of crystalline rocksl but in the W. there are shales, conglomerates and sandstones; and all See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the island the valleys are filled with alluvial deposits on a much more extensive See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale than might have been looked for seeing that no See also:

• RIVER

river in the island has a course longer than some 6 m . The S.W. shores are fringed with See also:

• CORAL

coral reefs, and living coral See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields are found in many parts of the straits . Being composed largely of red See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and See also:

• LATERITE (Lat. later, a brick)

laterite, the See also:

• SOIL

soil is not generally See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, and calls for the patient cultivation of the Chinese gardener to make it really productive . There is a See also:

• FOREST

forest reserve near the centre of the island, but the forest is of a mean type .

The humid See also:

• CLIMATE

climate causes the foliage here, as in other parts of Malaya, to be very luxuriant, and the contrast presented by the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green on every See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and the rich red laterite of the roads is striking, When it was first occupied by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• STANFORD, SIR CHARLES VILLIERS (1852– )

Stanford See also:

• RAFFLES, SIR THOMAS STAMFORD (1781-1826)

Raffles, on behalf of the East India Company, the island was covered by See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle, but now all the See also:

• LAND

land not reserved by government has been taken up, principally by Chinese, who plant vegetables in large quantities, See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and other tropical products . There are fine botanical gardens at Tanglin on the outskirts of the town . Climate.—The climate of Singapore is always humid and usually very hot . There is hardly any seasonal See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change to be observed, and the dampness of the climate causes the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat to be more oppressive than are higher temperatures in drier climates . The mean atmospheric pressure in Singapore during 1906 was 29.908 in . The highest shade temperature for the See also:

• YEAR

year was 92° F. registered in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March; the lowest 72.5° F., registered in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . The mean was 80.3° F . The range for the year was 14.5° F . The temperature of See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar See also:

• RADIATION, THEORY OF

radiation was in 1906: highest in the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun 153.8°, recorded in March; the lowest 143.4°, recorded in See also:

• JUNE

June . The highest temperature of nocturnal radiation on grass was 73.1°, recorded in May, and the lowest 67.2°, recorded in See also:

• JANUARY

January . The mean for 1906 was 71 ° . Relative humidity: highest 92, recorded in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December; lowest, 72, recorded in See also:

• APRIL

April; mean for 1906, 81 .

N. and N.E. winds prevail from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• OCTOBER

October to the end of April, and S. and S.W. winds from the middle of May to the end of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . The mean velocity of winds for 1906 was no m.; the maximum recorded being 148 in May, the minimum velocity recorded being 76 in December . The rainfall of Singapore for 1906 was 129.64 in.; the heaviest rainfall for any one See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month being 15.23 in. recorded in January, the smallest being 4.98 in. recorded in May . There were 182 See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy days during the year, the See also:

• AVERAGE

average annual number of the past See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade being 176 . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The following shows the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the population, which numbered in all 228,555 in 1901: Europeans 3824, Eurasians 4120, Chinese 164,041, See also:

• MALAYS

Malays 36,080, See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, 17,823, other nationalities 2667 . The births registered in Singapore during 1898 numbered 3751, namely, 196o See also:

• MALES

males and 1791 See also:

• FEMALES

females, being a ratio of 16.55 per mille . The deaths registered during the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period numbered 7602, namely, 5894 males and 1708 females, a ratio of 33.54 per mille . The excess of deaths over births is due to the fact that there are comparatively few See also:

• WOMEN

women among the Chinese; the steady increase of the population in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of this fact is to be attributed entirely to See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration, mainly from China, but to a minor extent from India also . The persons classed above under " other nationalities " are representatives of almost every See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic nation of importance, and of many See also:

• AFRICAN

African races, Singapore being one of the most See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan cities in the world . See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade.—As Singapore is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief administrative centre of the colony, the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, who is also ex officio high See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of the Federated Malay States, See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo, See also:

• BRUNEI

Brunei, See also:

• SARAWAK

Sarawak and governor of See also:

• LABUAN (a corruption of the Malay word labuh-an, signifying an " anchorage ")

Labuan, has his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence here . Here also are chief offices of the various heads of the government departments, and here the legislative See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the colony holds its sessions . The town is governed by a See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality composed partly of ex officio, nominated and elected members .

See also:

• FINANCE

Finance.—The revenue of Singapore for 1906 amounted to $5,942,661, exclusive of $26,65o received on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of land sales . The chief See also:

• SOURCES

sources of revenue were licences (which include the farms let for the collection of import duties in See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits) $4,248,856, nearly half the revenue of the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement; See also:

• POST

post and telegraphs $424,645; railway receipts $196,683; and land revenue $I04,482 . The See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of the settlement during 1906 amounted to $5,392,380 . Of this $1,416,392 was expended on See also:

• PERSONAL

personal emoluments, and $1,116,548 on other charges connected with the administrative establishments; $1,763,488 was spent on military services, exclusive of expenses connected with the volunteer force; $183,075 on the upkeep and See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of existing public works; and $569,884 on new public works . Trade.—The trade of Singapore is chiefly dependent upon the position which the port occupies as the principal See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium of the Federated Malay States and of the Malayan archipelago, and as the great port of See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call for See also:

• SHIPS

ships passing to and from the Far East, The total value of the imports into Singapore in 1906 was $234,701,760, and the exports in the same year were valued at $202,210,849 . The ships using the port during 1906 numbered 1886 with an aggregate See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of 3,805,566 tons, of which 1261 were British with an aggregate tonnage of 2,498,968 tons . The See also:

• RETAIL

retail trade of the place is largely in the hands of Chinese, See also:

• INDIAN

Indian and Arab traders, but there are some good See also:

• EUROPEAN

European stores . The port is a free port, import duties being payable only on opium, wines and spirits . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—A tradition is extant to the effect that Singapore was an important trading centre in the 12th and 13th centuries, but neither Marco Polo nor See also:

• IBN

Ibn Batuta, both of whom wintered in See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra on their way back to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe from China, have See also:

• LEFT

left anything on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record confirmatory of this . It is said to have been attacked and devastated by the Javanese in 1252, and at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when it passed by treaty to the East India Company in 1819, Sir See also:

• STAMFORD
• STAMFORD, HENRY GREY

Stamford Raffles persuading the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan and tumenggong of Johor to cede it to him, it was wholly uninhabited See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save by a few fisherfolk living along its shores . It was at first subordinate to Benkulen, the company's principal station in Sumatra, but in 1823 it was placed under the administraticn of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal . It was incorporated in the colony of the Straits Settlements when that colony was established in 1826 .

See See also:

• LIFE

Life of Sir Stamford Raffles; See also:

• LOGAN
• LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788)
• LOGAN, JOHN (c. 1725-1780)
• LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1826-1886)
• LOGAN, SIR WILLIAM EDMOND (1798-1875)

Logan's See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the Malay Archipelago; the Journal of the Straits See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) ; Sir See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank Swettenham, British Malaya (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1906); See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue-See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Straits Settlements (1906); The Straits See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory, zpo8 (Singapore, 19o8) . (H .