SINOPE  , Turk . Sinub, a See also:

• TOWN

town on the N. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor in the vilayet of See also:

• KASTAMUNI, or KASTAMBUL

Kastamuni, on a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus which joins the promontory of Boz Tepe to the mainland . Though it possesses the only safe roadstead between the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus and See also:

• BATUM

Batum, the difficulties of communication with the interior, and the rivalry of See also:

• INEBOLI

Ineboli on the W_ and See also:

• SAMSUN (anc. Antisus)

Samsun on the E. have prevented Sinope from becoming a See also:

• GREAT

great commercial centre . It is shut off from the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau by See also:

• FOREST

forest-clad mountains; a See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage road over the hills to Boiavad and thence by Vezir-Keupru to See also:

• AMASIA (anc. Amasia)

Amasia was begun about 20 years ago, but has never been completed even as far as Boiavad . Consequently the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is small; the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual exports are about £8o,000, and the imports £50,000 . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population, 5000 Moslems and 4000 Christians, chiefly Greeksand Armenians . On the isthmus, towards the mainland, stands a huge but for the most See also:

• PART

part ruined See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, originally See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine and afterwards strengthened by the Seljuk sultans; and the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter is surrounded by massive walls . Of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• ROMAN

Roman or See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek antiquities there are only the columns, architraves and inscribed stones built into the old walls; but the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• LOCAL

local coinage furnishes a very beautiful and interesting See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of types . See M . Six's See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in the Numismatic See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle (1885), and MM . Babelon & See also:

• REINACH, JOSEPH (1856- )

Reinach, Recueil See also:

• DES

des monnaies grecques d'Asie Mineure (1904) Sinope (Ecvunrrl), whose origin was assigned by its ancient inhabitants to See also:

• AUTOLYCUS

Autolycus, a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion of See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules, was founded 630 B.C. by the See also:

• IONIANS

Ionians of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus, and ultimately became the most flourishing Greek See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement on the Euxine, as it was the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of a great See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan route from the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, through See also:

• PTERIA (mod. Boghaz Keui)

Pteria, to the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, over which were brought the products of Central Asia and See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia (whence came the famous " Sinopic " red See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth) . In the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. it received a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Athenians; and by the 4th it had extended its authority over a considerable See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country .

Its See also:

• FLEET

fleet was dominant in the Euxine, except towards the W., where it shared the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field with See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium . When in 220 B.C . Sinope was attacked by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, the Rhodians enabled it to maintain its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . But where See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates IV. failed Pharnaces succeeded; and the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, taken by surprise in 183 B.C., became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Pontic See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . Under Mithradates VI. the Great, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in Sinope, it had just been raised to the highest degree 9f prosperity, with See also:

• FINE

fine buildings, See also:

• NAVAL

naval arsenals and well-built harbours, when it was captured by See also:

• LUCULLUS

Lucullus and nearly destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire (70 B.C.) . In 64 B.C. the See also:

• BODY

body of the murdered Mithradates was brought See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to the royal See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum . Under See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar the city received a Roman colony, but was already declining with the diversion of See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic to See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, the See also:

• PORT

port for See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and in part to Amisos (Samsun) . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages it became subject to the Greek See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire of See also:

• TREBIZOND (Gr. Trapezus)

Trebizond, and passed into the hands of the Seljuk See also:

• TURKS

Turks, and in 1461 was incorporated in the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman Empire . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1853 the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral Nakhimov destroyed here a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish fleet and reduced a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good part of the town to ashes . (J . G . C .