See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

SIN (O. Eng. syn: a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)  , a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TERM

term for wickedness or a wicked See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act . As See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology recognizes a distinction of See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure and See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain, and See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and evil, so morality assumes the difference between right and wrong in See also:

• ACTION

action, good and See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; but the distinction in psychology and metaphysics applies to. what is, the difference in morality is based on a See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of what is by what ought to be . When the act or the character does not correspond with the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, this want of See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence may in different relations be variously described . In relation to human society, and the rules it imposes on its members, action that ought not to be done is See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime; a See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit which is injurious to a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's own moral nature, especially if it involves evil See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical consequences, is described as See also:

• VICE

vice . If man is thought of as under the authority of See also:

• GOD

God, any transgression of or want of conformity to the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of God is defined as See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin . Crime is a legal, vice a moral, and sin a religious term . Sin may be distinguished from See also:

• GUILT

guilt as follows: guilt is the liability to See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty, that is, to the suffering conceived not as the natural consequence, but as the expression of the divine displeasure, which sin as a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of divine law involves . Sin is a term applied not only to actions, but also to dispositions and motives . In the theological phrase See also:

• ORIGINAL

original sin it means the inherited tendency to do wrong . There have been two See also:

• GREAT

great controversies in the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church on this question, the Augustinian-Pelagian and the Calvinistic-Arminian, one in the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and the other in the 17th . See also:

• PELAGIUS
• PELAGIUS (c. 360- c. 420)

Pelagius declared the capacity of every man to become virtuous by his own efforts, and summoned the members of the Church in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome to enter on the way of perfection in See also:

• MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

monasticism . His fiiend Caelestius was in 412 charged with and excommunicated for See also:

• HERESY

heresy because he regarded See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam as well as all his descendants as naturally mortal, denied the racial consequences of Adam's fall, asserted the entire innocence of the new-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, recognized sinless men before the coming of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ .

Pelagius him-self desired to avoid controversy, and with See also:

• MENTAL

mental reservations denied these statements of his friend; but he did not See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape suspicion, and his condemnation in 418 was the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for a See also:

• LITERARY

literary polemic, which lasted ten years, and in which See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian of Eklanum was the most brilliant but reckless combatant on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Pelagius . In the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East the freedom of the will was so insisted on, that one may regard See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology as essentially Pelagian . In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West there was unanimity only on three points: the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism for the remission of sins, the See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance of sin as a result of Adam's fall, and the indispensableness of tte divine See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace in the attainment of goodness . Pelagius insisted that sin was an act, not a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, an abuse of the freedom of the will, and that each man was responsible and liable to See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment only for his own acts . This extreme See also:

• INDIVIDUALISM (from Lat. individualis, that which is not divided, an individual)

individualism he qualified only in two respects, he admitted a principle of See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation, the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of bad example, habit and customs, may be inherited and communicated . Divine grace is not necessary for human virtue . It is granted only according to act, and merits as the law in enlightening, warning or promising See also:

• REWARD

reward . To this See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine opposed the view that Adam's sin is, as its penalty, transmitted to all his descendants, both as guilt and as weakness . The trans-See also:

• MISSION

mission is not by imitation, but by See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation . The essence and mode of operation of original sin is concupiscence, which, as of the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil, subjects man in his natural state to the devil's dominion . Even infants are involved in Adam's condemnation . Sin is a necessity in each individual, and there is a See also:

• TOTAL

total corruption of man's nature, physically as well as morally .

Into the details of the controversy it is not necessary to go any further . While the authority of Augustine received, See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip-See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage, the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church became more Pelagian, and in the Tridentine decrees and still more in the See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, in spite of the opposition of See also:

• JANSENISM

Jansenism, Pelagianism at last triumphed . The See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation restored the teaching of Augustine; in Calvinism especially the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of the divine and the See also:

• IMPOTENCE (Lat. impotentia, want of power)

impotence of the human will were emphasized; and against this exaggeration Arminianism was a protest . Of the five articles of the Remonstrance of 1610 only two now concern us: the possibility of resisting the grace which is indispensable to salvation, and the possibility of falling away from grace even after See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion . The Arminian See also:

• SYSTEM

system was an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to modify the Calvinistic theory in a moral See also:

• INTEREST

interest, so as to maintain human responsibility, good and See also:

• ILL

ill See also:

• DESERT

desert; but to this moral interest the system sacrificed the religious interest in the sufficiency and the sovereignty of divine grace . Its adherents necessarily laid emphasis on human freedom . As regards original sin they taught that the inclinations to evil inherited from Adam are not themselves blameworthy, and only consent to them involves real guilt . It is not just, however, to Arminian-ism to identify it with Pelagianism, as it does strive to make clear man's need of divine grace to overcome sin and reach holiness . In the Evangelical Revival of the 18th century Arminianism was represented by See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley, and Calvinism by See also:

• WHITEFIELD,

Whitefield .