See also:

• SIXTUS

SIXTUS V  . (Felice Peretti), See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope from 1585 to 1590, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Grottamara, in See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona, on the 13th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1521 . He was reared in extreme poverty; but the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of his having been a swineherd in his youth appears to be open to question At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he entered a Franciscan monastery . He soon gave See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of rare ability as a preacher and a dialectician . About 1552 he came under the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• CARPI
• CARPI, GIROLAMO DA (15or-1556)

Carpi, See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of his See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, Ghislieri (later See also:

• PIUS

Pius V.) and Caraff a (later See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul IV.), and from that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time his See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement was assured . He was sent to See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice as inquisitor See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, but carried matters with a high See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, became embroiled in quarrels, and was forced to leave (156o) . After a brief See also:

• TERM

term as See also:

• PROCURATOR (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procurator of his order, he was attached to the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation headed by Buoncampagno (later See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIII.) 1565 . The violent dislike he conceived for Buoncampagno exerted a marked See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon his subsequent actions . He hurried back to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome upon the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Pius V., who made him apostolic See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar of his order, and, later (1570), cardinal . During the pontificate of Gregory XIII. he lived in retirement, occupied with the care of his See also:

• VILLA

villa and with his studies, one of the fruits of which was an edition of the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose; not neglecting, however, to follow the course of affairs, but carefully avoiding every occasion of offence . This discreetness contributed not a little to his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the papacy on the 24th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1585; but the story of his having feigned decrepitude in the See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

Conclave, in order to win votes, is a pure invention . One of the things that commended his candidacy to certain cardinals was his See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical vigour, which seemed to promise a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long pontificate .

The terrible See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition in which Gregory XIII. had See also:

• LEFT

left the ecclesiastical states called for prompt and stern See also:

• MEASURES

measures . Against the prevailing lawlessness See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus proceeded with an almost ferocious severity, which only extreme See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity could justify . Thousands of brigands were brought to See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice: within a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was again quiet and safe . Sixtus next set to See also:

• WORK

work to repair the finances . By the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of offices, the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of new " Monti" and by levying new taxes, he accumulated a vast surplus, which he stored up against certain specified emergencies, such as a crusade or the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See . Sixtus prided himself upon his hoard, but the method by which it had been amassed was financially unsound: some of the taxes proved ruinous, and the withdrawal of so much See also:

• MONEY

money from circulation could not fail to cause See also:

• DISTRESS

distress . Immense sums, however, were spent upon public works . Sixtus set no limit to his plans; and what he achieved in his short pontificate is almost incredible; the completion of the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's; the loggia of Sixtus in the Lateran; the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the Praesepe in Sta Maria See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore; additions or See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs to the Quirinal, Lateran and Vatican palaces; the erection of four obelisks, including that in the piazza, of St Peter's; the opening of six streets; the restoration of the See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct of See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus (" Acqua Felice ") ; besides numerous roads and See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to drain the Pontine marshes, and the encouragement of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture and manufacture . But Sixtus had no appreciation of antiquity: the columns of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan and See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus were made to serve as pedestals for the statues of SS Peter and Paul; the See also:

• MINERVA

Minerva of the Capitol was converted into " See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Rome" ; the Septizonium of Severus was demolished for its See also:

• BUILDING

building materials . The administrative See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church owed much to Sixtus . He limited the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Cardinals to seventy; and doubled the number of the congregations, and enlarged their functions, assigning to them the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal role in the transaction of business (1588) . The See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits Sixtus regarded with disfavour and suspicion .

He meditated See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical changes in their constitution, but See also:

• DEATH

death prevented the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of his purpose . In 1589 was begun a revision of the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate, the so-called Editio Sixtina . In his larger See also:

• POLITICAL

political relations Sixtus, strangely enough, showed himself visionary and vacillating . He entertained fantastic ambitions, such as the annihilation of the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, the transporting of the Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, the accession of his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew to the See also:

• THRONE

throne of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The situation in which he found himself was embarrassing: he could not countenance the designs of heretical princes, and yet he distrusted See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. and viewed with See also:

• APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension any See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . So, while he excommunicated See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, and contributed to the See also:

• LEAGUE

League and the See also:

• ARMADA, THE

Armada, he chafed under his forced See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with Philip, and looked about for See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape . The victories of Henry and the prospect of his See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to Catholicism raised Sixtus's hopes, and in corresponding degree determined Philip to tighten his grip upon his wavering ally . The pope's negotiations with Henry's representative evoked a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter and menacing protest and a categorical demand for the performance of promises . Sixtus took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in evasion, and temporized until death relieved him of the necessity of coming to a decision (27th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1590) . Sixtus died execrated by his own subjects; but posterity has recognized in him one of the greatest popes . He was impulsive, obstinate, severe, autocratic; but his mind was open to large ideas, and he threw himself into his undertakings with an energyand determination that often compelled success . Few popes can boast of greater enterprise or larger achievements .

Lives of Sixtus are numerous: Cicarella's, in PIatina, De vitis pontiff . Rom., is by a contemporary of the pope, but nevertheless of slight importance; Leti's Vita di Sisto V (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1693, translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English by Farneworth, 1779) is a See also:

• CARICATURE (Ital. caricatura, i.e. "ritratto ridicolo," from caricare, to load, to charge; Fr. charge)

caricature, full of absurd tales, utterly untrustworthy, wanting even the saving merit of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style; Tempesti's Storia della vita e geste di Sisto Quinto (Rome, 1754–1755) is valuable for the large use it makes of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SOURCES

sources, but lacks See also:

• PERSPECTIVE (Lat. peespicere, to see through)

perspective and is warped by the author's See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind admiration for his subject; Cesare's Vita di Sisto V (See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, 1755) is but an abridgment of Tempesti . Of See also:

• RECENT

recent works the best are See also:

• HUBNER, EMIL (1834-1901)
• HUBNER, JOSEPH ALEXANDER, COUNT (1811-1892)

Hubner, Sixte-Quint, &c . (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1870, translated into English by H . E . H . Jerningham, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1872) ; and Capranica, Papa Sisto, storia del s . XVI (See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, 1884) . See also Lorentz, Sixtus V. u. See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Zeit (See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, 1852) ; Dumesnil, Hist. de Sixte-Quint (Paris, 1869, 2nd ed.); Segretain, Sixte-Quint et See also:

• HENRI

Henri IV (Paris, 1861, strongly Ultramontane) ; See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke's masterly portrayal, Popes (Eng. trans., See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin), i . 446 sq., ii . 205 sq.; and v . See also:

• REUMONT, ALFRED VON (1808-1887)

Reumont, Gesch. der Stadi Rom, iii .

2, 575 sq., 733 sq . Extended See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHIES

bibliographies may be found in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, s.v . " Sixtus V."; and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge Mod . Hist. iii . 835 sq . (T . F .