See also:

• SKATING (Dutch schaats, a skate)

SKATING (Dutch schaats, a skate)  , a mode of progression on See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice with the aid of appliances called skates, attached to the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole of the See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe by straps, clamps or screws . The earliest See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of skate that we know is that of the See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone " runners" (still preserved in museums) worn by the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive Norsemen . These were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to the See also:

• FOOT

foot with thongs . The Norse sagas speak with See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national achievements in See also:

• SKATING (Dutch schaats, a skate)

skating, and the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early development of the See also:

• ART

art was due principally to the Norsemen, Swedes, Danes, Finns and the Dutch . Whatever its origin See also:

• ILI

ili See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, skating was certainly a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, as is proved by an old See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

Colour See also:

• GAME

game . . 3, 4, 5 and 6, according to the suits Tourne . . 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12 (the last the grando) . See also:

• SOLO, OR SOLO WHIST

Solo . . . . 9, 10, 11, 12 and 16 (grando) . Fitz-Steven's Description of See also:

• LONDON

London, published in 118o, in which the following words occur: ” When the great fenne or See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

moore (which watereth the walls of the citie on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side) is frozen, many See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men See also:

• PLAY

play on the yce asome tye bones to their feete and under their heeles, and shoving themselves with a little picked staffe do slide as swiftlie as a birde flyeth in the See also:

• AIRE

aire or an arrow out of a See also:

• CROSS

cross-See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow.” At what See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the use of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal runners was introduced is unknown, but it was possibly not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the introduction into See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, in the 3rd century after See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, of the art of working in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron . By the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. skating had become popular, with the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy as well as with the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, as is proved by entries in the diaries of See also:

• PEPYS, SAMUEL (1633-1703)

Pepys and See also:

• EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn .

Skating does not appear to have been known in See also:

• AMERICA

America before its colonization by Europeans, though bone slides were used to a limited extent by certain See also:

• ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo tribes . The See also:

• MODERN

modern skate is in the form of a See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel blade mounted upon a See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood or metal See also:

• BASE

base . In the old-fashioned skate the wooden base was strapped to the See also:

• BOOT

boot and kept See also:

• FIRM

firm by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low spikes or screws that entered the sole . The next step in development was the " See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club-skate,” originally See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian, a patent appliance adjusted by clamps to See also:

• FIT

fit the sole . There are several varieties of club-skates still popular . They have a broad blade with slightly curved edge, and are more suitable for figure-skating than for See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed . The best skaters now use skates fixed permanently to See also:

• SPECIAL

special skating-boots . As in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times, skating is most practised by the Scandinavians, Finns, Dutch and See also:

• BRITISH

British, to whom in modern days have been added the Germans, Swiss, Austrians, and especially the Canadians and Americans . All these nations have central organizations which See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control skating, the British, founded in 1879, being the National Skating Association . The See also:

• AMERICAN

American, founded in 1884, is also called the National Skating Association, and generally co-operates with the Canadian See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

Amateur Skating Association, founded in 1888 . Speed Skating.—Of the earliest skating races no records have been kept . That racing was a popular pastime in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland two centuries and longer ago is proved by the numerous paintings of the time depicting racing scenes .

In England the first skating match recorded was that in which Youngs of Mepal See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson of Wimblingdon, both men of the See also:

• FENS

Fens, in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1814 . The Fen See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country has remained the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of skating, owing to the abundance of ice in that See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and most British champions have been Fensmen, notably the Smarts of Welney . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1823 the Sporting See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine recorded the first amateur match, which was between teams of six gentlemen from See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March and See also:

• CHATTERIS

Chatteris, Mr See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake of Chatteris See also:

• FINISHING

finishing first . In the same year a match took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for a See also:

• SILVER

silver bowl on the See also:

• MAZE

Maze See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire, over a course 5 M. long, the winner being Mr Blenkinsop . Racing, more or less intermittent, continued annually, the Fen skaters generally triumphing . In 1854 appeared the celebrated See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William (” See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey ") See also:

• SMART, CHRISTOPHER (1722-1771)
• SMART, HENRY (1813–1879)
• SMART, JOHN (c. 1740–1811)
• SMART, SIR GEORGE THOMAS (1776–1867)

Smart, who, after defeating Larmen See also:

• REGISTER

Register in that year, remained See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion for more than a See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . His See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George (" See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish") Smart won the championship in 1878 and held it until 1889, only to relinquish it to his younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James . The first amateur championship of England was held in 188o at See also:

• HENDON

Hendon, and was won by Mr F . See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman, a Fen skater . Owing to the great See also:

• AREA

area of See also:

• CANADA

Canada and the northern See also:

• UNITED

United States, and the long and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, the sport of skating is indulged in to a greater extent in North America than anywhere else, and See also:

• LOCAL

local matches have been held for years in many places . Owing to the reputation of Charles See also:

• JUNE

June, who was considered to be the best American skater from 1838 for many years, his place of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, See also:

• NEWBURGH
• NEWBURGH, or NEWBURG

Newburgh, N.Y., on the See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson See also:

• RIVER

river, became the headquarters of American speed skating . This See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city also is the birthplace of the Donoghue See also:

• FAMILY

family, who may be called the Smarts of America .

The most noted members of this family were Mr T . Donoghue and his two sons, Tim and J . F . Donoghue, each in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the fastest skater in the See also:

• WORLD

world, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Donoghue winning every event at the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international championship See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam in 1891 . There is practically no professional skating in America . Skating received a great impetus during the last decade of the i9th century, profiting both by the growing devotion of athletics and by increased facilities of communication, which led to inter-national competitions and the institutions of skating clubs in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and elsewhere, especially those of See also:

• DAVOS (Romonsch Tavau, a name variously explained as meaning a sheep pasture or simply " behind ")

Davos, St See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

Moritz and See also:

• GRINDELWALD

Grindelwald, where ice is available every winter . Although skating See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments are so See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the skate has advanced considerably, contributing to marked improvement in the skater's skill . In speed-skating an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch was marked, first, by the almost universal See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian type of racing skate; and, secondly, by the institution in 1892, at an inter-national See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress held in Holland, of See also:

• ANNUAL

annual races for the championships of Europe and of the world . The Norwegian skate, introduced and perfected (1887-1902) by Axel See also:

• PAULSEN, FRIEDRICH (1846-1908)

Paulsen and See also:

• HARALD

Harald See also:

• HAGEN
• HAGEN, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH VON DER (178o-1856)

Hagen, is constructed with a view to lightness, strength, and diminution of See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction . The blade, of specially hardened steel, is set in a hollow See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube of See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium, and connected by similar See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical tubes with foot-plates riveted to a closely-fitting boot with thin See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather sole . It is 16-1734 in. long and 1-2 millimetres thick (i.e . •019-•o78 in.), the See also:

• AVERAGE

average employed for hard ice being 4 mm., often thinner towards the See also:

• HEEL

heel .

This thickness is suitable for hard ice, but for softer ice See also:

• GIG

gig- or in. is preferable . The blade is See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat on the ice throughout, except for an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in front; this flatness distributes the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, and with the extreme thinness of blade reduces friction to a minimum . The edges are right-angled and See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp . The skater's See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style has been modified . The blade, when planted on the ice with weight upon it, describes a nearly straight See also:

• LINE

line, the last few feet only curving slightly outwards as the skate leaves the ice . Hence the stroke of the best modern skaters is almost, if not entirely, on the inside edge, a gain in directness and speed, the outside edge being used for curves only . The length of stroke has tended to diminish . Contrasted with the 12-18 yards' stroke attributed to the old English champion, W . "Turkey" Smart, which was partly on the outside edge, the modern racing stroke rarely exceeds to yds., and is usually nearer 6 or 7 . Particular instances vary with conditions of ice, &c., but at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, in 1896, See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden's stroke in the 1o,000 See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre See also:

• RACE

race averaged about 72 yds., that of P . Oestlund at Davos, in 1900, the same (for one See also:

• LAP

lap, 8 yds.) . J .

F . Donoghue's stride in 1891 was computed at about 6 yds . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general effect has been vastly increased speed, and a conjoint cause is the stricter training under-gone before important races . The races held annually since 1892–1893 for the championships of Europe and of the world, under the auspices of the International Skating See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, have assembled representatives from the skating countries of Europe and from America . The races are four in number, over distances of 500, 1500, 5000 and 1o,000 metres, and to obtain the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of champion a skater must win three races and finish in the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth . In addition, each country, when possible, holds its own championship races . In England races are still skated, with rare exceptions, on straight courses, with a sharp turn See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a See also:

• POST

post or See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel, the distance prescribed for N.S.A. championships being 11 m. with three turns . The See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental and international See also:

• SYSTEM

system involves a course with straight sides and curved ends of such a See also:

• RADIUS

radius that no slackening of speed is necessary . In both instances the competitors race two at a time on a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double track, and the time test is used . Each skater must keep his own course, to prevent either from using the other as See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace-maker or See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield . The international regulations (Eiswettlauf-Ordnung) prescribe that, if a single track be used, the hindmost skater must keep at a minimum distance of 5 metres from the other, on See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of disqualification . The See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of inner See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve on a Continental course is given alternately, and a space See also:

• LEFT

left open between the tracks at one point for the skaters to cross .

The curves are skated with a step-over-step See also:

• ACTION

action, and the direction is always from right to left . Hence, on entering the curve the right foot is brought across in front and set down on the inside edge, the left passing behind on the outside edge, and being in its turn set down on an outside edge in front . The strokes thus form a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of tangents to the curve, and are little shorter than in the straight . With a radius of 25 and 30 metres, as at Davos, the curves can be skated with safety at full speed . The following are the amateur speed records at the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal distances : Distance. m. s . Name . See also:

• NATIONALITY

Nationality . 500 metres(546 yds.) 44t R . Gundersen See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway 1,000 „ (1093 yds.) 1 34 P . Oestlund „ 1,500 „ (1639 yds.) 2 226 P . Oestlund 5,000 ,, (3 M . 188 yds.) 8 371 J Eden Holland to,000 „ (6 m .

376 yds.) 17 506 P . Oestlund Norway The following times and distances have also been recorded in America : Distance. h. m. s . Name . too yds . 91 J . S . See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson m . . . . 35I H . P . Mosher t m . . .

. 2 36 J . See also:

• NEILSON, ADELAIDE (1846—188o)

Neilson 2 m . 5 421 O . See also:

• RUDD

Rudd 5 m . . . 14 24 O . Rudd to m . . . 31 III J . S . Johnson 50 M . . .

3 15 591 J . F . Donoghue too in . 7 11 38i J . F . Donoghue See contemporary records in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field, Outing, and other sporting See also:

• JOURNALS

journals, as well as the annual almanacs; A Bibliography of Skating, by F . W . See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

Foster (London, 1898) ; Skating, in the See also:

• BADMINTON, or GREAT BADMINTON

Badminton Library (1892) ; Skating, in the See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

Oval Series (1897) ; " Skating," See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia of Sport (1899); Skating, in the Isthmian Library (1901); Skating, by W . T . See also:

• RICHARDSON, GEORGE
• RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (1838-1886)
• RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761)
• RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865)

Richardson (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1903) . Figure Skating.—This variety of skating, as subjected to definite rules, is quite modern, having originated in the 19th century, though the cutting of figures on the ice was regarded as an accomplishment by skaters long before . Although the " See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh Skating Club," founded in 1642, is the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest skating organization in Great Britain, the " Skating Club" of London, formed in 183o, is the most important, and for many years practically controlled figure skating .

Many other important figure skating clubs now exist in Great Britain, for entrance into which a certain See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of proficiency is demanded . Figure skating championships are now held in many countries under the auspices of the national associations, the world's championship meeting being held by the International Skating Union . In England great impetus has been given to figure skating by the multiplication of clubs (e.g . See also:

• WIMBLEDON

Wimbledon, founded 1870, See also:

• THAMES

Thames Valley, Crystal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, &c.) in addition to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original " Skating Club" and those in Switzerland already mentioned; and from the construction of numerous artificial rinks, such as at See also:

• NIAGARA
• NIAGARA, FORT

Niagara and See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince's Club in London, as well as by the encouragement afforded by the National Skating Association, which offers 1st, 2nd and 3rd class badges (and a special or " See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond" badge for figure skating) for figure tests as well as for speed; in 1893 the Association founded a " London Skating See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council," while in 1898 and in 1902 it held the figure skating championship of the world in London . In America comparatively little See also:

• INTEREST

interest is shown in this See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the sport . In the British style of figure skating, which is not recognized by the International Skating Union, the See also:

• BODY

body is held as nearly as possible upright, the employed See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg is kept straight, the unemployed leg carried behind, the arms hang loosely at the sides, and the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is turned in the direction of progress . In the so-called Anglo-Swiss style, affected by British skaters trained at Davos and St Moritz, the upright, almost rigid position is insisted on, even the unemployed leg being held straight . Much more See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude is allowed by the Continental school, though no definite rules of form have been laid down . The See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee of the employed leg is slightly See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent, and the unemployed leg is in See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant action, being used to See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance the body during the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the figures . The Continental is less difficult in execution than the British style, but its movements are less graceful . There are, of course, local modifications, the strictest exponents of the English school being the Davos and St Moritz skaters, while the Continental varies from the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete abandon of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French to the more restrained style of the Germans; Canadians cultivate also See also:

• GRAPE

grape-vines and other two-footed figures . The essential features are, however, identical .

Thus Englishmen consider of secondary importance loops, cross-cuts, continuous and See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-in-hand skating, though such figures are included in the 1st class test of the N.S.A., and devote themselves mainly to " combined figures." Combined figures have been defined as " symmetrical execution of a figure by one or more pairs of skaters." Originally known as the " skating club figures," they have been gradually See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, and in 1891 delegates from the principal clubs established a See also:

• REGULAR

regular terminology . The ideal number of skaters for a combined figure is four, though sixes and eights are seen, one being chosen " caller" of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement tobe skated . Various sets of " calls " are arranged at the discretion of different clubs, and consist ordinarily of " turns " and " changes." The N.S.A. offer a See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge shield for an annual competition in combined figure skating . There has, however, been a marked tendency towards unification of style, through Englishmen adopting Continental methods, rendered almost a See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity by the circumscribed area of artificial rinks . In 1901 the Figure Skating Club was established for this purpose, and its members attained such success that an English See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, Mrs Syers, gained the second place in the world's championship competition in 1902, and with her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband won the International Pair Skating in that year, and again in 1904; and in 1906 she won the ladies' amateur championship of the world, established in that year . - The World's Figure Skating Championship was won in 1896 by See also:

• FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK VON (1774-1856)
• FUCHS, LEONHARD (15o1-1566)

Fuchs, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; 1897, G . Hugel, Austria; 1898, H . Grenander, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden; 1899 and 1900, G . Hugel, Austria; 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, U . Salchow, Sweden . The competition consists of two parts, (a) compulsory figures, (b) See also:

• FREE

free skating, the latter affording See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for the performance of See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance steps and brilliant individual figures, such as the " sitting pirouette," and the " See also:

• STAR

star," consisting of four crosses (forward rocker, back See also:

• LOOP

loop, back See also:

• COUNTER

counter), invented by Herr Engelmann and splendidly rendered by Herr Salchow . The skates used for the English and Continental styles are shorter than those used for speed-skating, and differ in radius, though both are of the same type, i.e. a blade fastened to the boot by sole-plates, the " See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Charles " See also:

• PATTERN

pattern being the one generally adopted by Englishmen .

The English radius is 7 ft., or now more usually 6 ft.; the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign, 52 or even 5 ft., and the result is seen in the larger curves skated on the former, and the greater pace obtained owing to de-creased friction; at the same time, the difficulty of making a turn is greater . The English skate has generally right-angled edges and blade of same thickness throughout, except in the " Dowler " variety, which is thicker towards the extremities . The foreign skate is some-times thicker in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle than at the ends . See Skating, in the Badminton Library (1892); Skating, in the Oval Series (1897) ; A System of Figure-Skating, by T . See also:

• MAXWELL
• MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Maxwell See also:

• WITHAM

Witham (5th ed., 1897) ; On the Outside Edge, by G . H . See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler (1897); Combined Figure-Skating, by George Wood (1899); "Skating,' in the Encyclopaedia of Sport (1899) ; Handbook of Figure-Skating, by G . H . See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown (See also:

• SPRINGFIELD

Springfield, See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass., 1900) ; Lessons in Skating, by G . A . See also:

• MEAGHER, THOMAS FRANCIS (1823–1867)

Meagher (1900) ; Figure-Skating, by M . S .

Monier-See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams, in the Isthmian Library (1901); How to become a Skater, by G . D . See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips, in See also:

• SPALDING
• SPALDING, WILLIAM (1809-1859)

Spalding's Athletic Library, New York . See also See also:

• ROLLER

ROLLER-SKATING .