See also:

• SKI (pronounced " skee," Icel. scidh, snow -shoe, properly " piece of wood ")

SKI (pronounced " skee," Icel. scidh, See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow -See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe, properly " piece of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood ")  , the wooden See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe on which the inhabit-ants of Scandinavia and neighbouring countries travel over the snow . Implements for this purpose were used by many nations of antiquity . See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon (Anab. iv . 5) describes the shoes or pattens of skins with which the horses of the Armenians were shod, to prevent them from sinking into the snow, andProcopius made mention of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Lapps, known in Scandinavia as " Skrid-Finnen," or sliders . Snow-shoes have always been used by the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• ASIA

Asia . From the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the old Norse sagas they must have been See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in Scandinavia See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . Uller, the See also:

• GOD

god of See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, is always spoken of as walking upon skis, the curved toes of which gave rise to the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend that they were really See also:

• SHIPS

ships upon which the god was wafted over See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill and See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

dale . Skis have been used See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time out of mind by Lapps, Finns and Scandinavians for See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and journeying across the frozen See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The first skis of which there is any See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record were elongated, curved frames covered with See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather . Those of the Skrid-Finnen of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century were leather shoes, pointed at the toe, about 3 ft. long, into which, a few inches from the See also:

• REAR

rear end, the feet were thrust up to the ankles . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the shoe varied in different districts . See also:

• MODERN

Modern skis are not, like the North See also:

• AMERICAN

American snow-shoe, made of broad frames covered with a thong See also:

• WEB (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. webbe, Dan. vaev, Ger. Gewebe, all from the Teutonic wabh—to weave)

web, but long, narrow, nearly See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat pieces of ash, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak or spruce, pointed and turned up for about a See also:

• FOOT

foot at the toe .

Their length is usually the distance their wearer can reach upwards with his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, that for the See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man being about 7 ft . 6 in., although some See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate less length.' _ t Their width at the broadest See also:

• PART

part is about 5 in., and their greatest thickness (just under the foot) about r in., tapering towards both ends . The under See also:

• SURFACE

surface is usually perfectly smooth, although some skis are provided with narrow strips See also:

• RUNNING

running lengthwise on the under surface, . to prevent See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side-slipping . The feet, encased in stout See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer-hide shoes, heelless or nearly so, are fastened to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the skis by an arrangement of straps, called the binding . A See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff from 4 to 5 ft. long completes the touring outfit . On level ground the skis are allowed to glide over the snow without being lifted from it, the heels being raised while the toes remain fast to the skis . At this gait very long steps can be taken . Climbing hills one must walk zigzag, or even directly sideways step by step . See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

Gentle slopes can be ascended straight ahead by planting the skis obliquely . Downhill the skis become a sledge upon which See also:

• GREAT

great velocity is attained . The staff is used as a See also:

• BRAKE

brake in See also:

• COASTING

coasting and is provided with a small disc a few inches from the lowei end, to prevent it sinking into the snow . Skiing as a See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport began,about '86o in the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• TELEMARK

Telemark and rapidly_ spread over all the Scandinavia' See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula .

The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax of the racing See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season is the great inter-See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• SKI (pronounced " skee," Icel. scidh, snow -shoe, properly " piece of wood ")

ski See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament held annually in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February at Holmenkollen, 6 m. from See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania . This " Norwegian See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby " is divided into two parts, the first devoted to See also:

• JUMPING

jumping contests, the other to long-distance racing . The take-off for the jumping contests is built into the side of a hill, and each competitor must jump three times . No staff is allowed and no jump is counted if the jumper falls in alighting . The distances covered are extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary, 134 z ft. being the record . The jumper, who starts some distance up the hill, descends at See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed, stoops as he nears the take-off and launches himself into the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air with all his force . He maintains an erect position until he reaches the ground, alighting with bended knees, on both feet, one a little in advance of the other, and " giving " with his legs to overcome the force of the fall and to preserve his See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance . Another feature is See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double jumping, performed by two persons hand in hand . The highest See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize is the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

Cup . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal distance See also:

• RACE

race is over a difficult course of about 20 m . The record for 25 kilometres (15i m.) is 2 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, 7 See also:

• MIN

min . A Lapp once covered 220 kilometres (about 138 m.) in 21 hrs., 22 min., the country being level .

Skiing is very popular in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway with both men and See also:

• WOMEN

women; in fact it may be called the national sport of Norway . The sport has been introduced into other countries where the winter is severe, and has become very popular in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and the See also:

• UNITED

United States, especially in See also:

• MINNESOTA

Minnesota and the Rocky See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain country . The principal See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles is the " Ski Club of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain." The mails between See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile and the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic are carried in winter by relays of Norwegian ski-runners, about 300 being employed . The skis worn by them are usually shod with See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn . Skis cannot be used with See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage during a thaw or where the snow is less than 6 in. deep . On this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, and because of their general unwieldiness, they are less convenient in thick forests than the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian snow-shoe, though faster in the open country . Ski have been used for military purposes by the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern peoples for several centuries, and of See also:

• LATE

late years other nations which have mountainous regions of snow have turned their See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to this most useful mode of winter marching . The See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden—under Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus and his successors one of the foremost in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe—employed See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry provided with ski in its military operations . In Norway See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units so provided were organized in 1710 . Recently (1902) the Alpine infantry of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy have taken up the question . In See also:

• BRIANCON

Briancon, attached to the 159th See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French infantry, is an ecole militaire de ski (established 1903) which trains the Chasseurs Alpins of the 1st See also:

• LINE

line, and also the regional troops which are intended to take part in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern frontier of France . These regiments as a See also:

• RULE

rule furnish one officer, one non-commissioned officer and a few soldiers each to every course of instruction, which lasts two months .

At the end of the first See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month the skieur is expected in full marching See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover 6o kilometres (37 z m.) of Alpine territory in the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The ski are put to a variety of ingenious uses; to form a stretcher-sledge for wounded men; and if rapidity of See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement is desired, a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse or See also:

• PONY
• PONY (from the Lowland Scots powney, probably from 0. Fr. pouleriet, diminutive of poulain, a colt or foal; Late Lat. pullanus, Lat. pullus, a young animal)

pony pulls the skieur along by means of long reins attached to the horse's girth . Even camps in the mountains are improvised . The skieur is thickly clothed and muffled, and his eyes are protected against snow-See also:

• BLINDNESS

blindness by See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• SPECTACLES

spectacles . Some of the performances of soldiers on ski have been notable . See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard, See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the & See also:

• VIE

vie of Briancon, ascended the cols of Arsine (2400 metres) and of the Cauterel (2080 metres) in 16 hours with a party of 25 men . In See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia some See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland troops in full marching order executed a long hunting See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march in Carelia . In 29 days they covered 86o kilometres . In Switzerland a skieur took less than 1i hours to cover 25 kilometres, including altitudes of 1547 metres . In order to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness this competition, which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• GLARUS (Fr. Glaris)

Glarus, the soldiers from the S . Gothard See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison made a march of 48 kilometres including the ascent of the Klausengrass (2000 metres) . A Norwegian soldier named Holte covered with one leap a distance of 21 M .

20 cm., and his See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion Heyderdahl later achieved 24 . In Italy each See also:

• COMPANY

company of See also:

• ALPINI, PROSPERO (PROSPER ALPINUS)

Alpini has an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of ski . Their duties in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war time are almost the same as those of mounted infantry—exploration and communication, and the seizure of advanced positions . In the seven months of snow on these frontiers the garrisons of the lonely posts cannot go out See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save on ski or snow-shoes, as to the respective merits of which military See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion is divided . See Norway's National Sport, by T . W . Schreiner, Outing, vol . 37; Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grenland, by F . See also:

• NANSEN, FRIDTJOF (1861– )
• NANSEN, HANS (1598-1667)

Nansen (See also:

• HAM

Ham-See also:

• BURG

burg, 1891); Ski-running, edited by E . C . See also:

• RICHARDSON, GEORGE
• RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (1838-1886)
• RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761)
• RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865)

Richardson (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1904) ; See also:

• YEAR

Year-See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Ski Club of Great Britain .