See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

RUDOLF CARL VON See also:

• SIR RUDOLF CARL VON SLATIN (18J7— )

SLATIN (18J7— )  , Anglo-See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian soldier and See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator in the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 27th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1857 at Ober St See also:

• VEIT, PHILIPP (1793-1877)

Veit near See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of seventeen he made his first See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to the Sudan, reaching See also:

• KHARTUM

Khartum by the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile route in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1875 in See also:

• COMPANY

company with Theodor von See also:

• HEUGLIN, THEODOR VON (1824-1876)

Heuglin (q.v.) . Thence he went through See also:

• KORDOFAN

Kordofan to See also:

• DAR

Dar Nuba, exploring the mountains of that region . He returned to Khartum in consequence of a revolt of the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs against the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . There See also:

• SLATIN, SIR RUDOLF CARL VON (18J7— )

Slatin met Dr Emin (Emin See also:

• PASHA

Pasha) and with him purposed visiting See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General C . G . See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon at Lado, Gordon at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial provinces . Slatin, however, was obliged to return to See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria without accomplishing his See also:

• DESIRE

desire, but Emin went to Lado and at Slatin's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request .recommended the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young traveller to Gordon for employment in the Sudan . In 1878, while Slatin was serving as a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in the See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf's See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment in the Bosnian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign he received a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from Gordon inviting him to the Sudan, of which See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country Gordon had become governor-general . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the campaign Slatin received permission to go to See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and he arrived at Khartum in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1879 . After a brief See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period during which he was financialinspector,, Slatin was appointed mudir (governor) of Dara, the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• DARFUR

Darfur, a See also:

• POST

post he held until See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 188r, when he was promoted governor-general of Darfur and given the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

bey . While administering Dara, Slatin See also:

• CON

con-ducted a successful campaign against one of the Darfur princes in revolt, and as governor of Darfur he endeavoured to remedy many abuses .

He had soon to meet the rising See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• MANDI

mandi Mahommed Ahmed (q.v.) . Early in 1882 the Arabs in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Darfur were in revolt . With insufficient resources and no succour from Khartum, Slatin gallantly defended his See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . Though victorious in several engagements he lost ground . His followers attributing his non-success to the fact that he was a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, Slatin nominally adopted See also:

• ISLAM

Islam . But all See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of maintaining Egyptian authority vanished with the See also:

• NEWS

news of the destruction of See also:

• HICKS, ELIAS (1748-1830)
• HICKS, HENRY (1837-1899)
• HICKS, WILLIAM (1830-1883)

Hicks Pasha's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1883 Slatin surrendered, refusing to make any further See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of See also:

• LIFE

life in a hopeless cause . In the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of the mandi an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to use him to induce Gordon to surrender . This failing, Slatin was placed in chains, and on the See also:

• MORNING

morning of the 26th of January 1885, an See also:

• HOUR

hour or two after the fall of Khartum, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Gordon was brought to the camp and shown to the See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive . Slatin was kept at See also:

• OMDURMAN

Omdurman by the See also:

• KHALIFA, THE

khalifa, being treated alternately with See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence . At length, after over eleven years' captivity, he was enabled, through the instrumentality of See also:

• SIR

Sir Reginald (then See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major) See also:

• WINGATE, SIR FRANCIS REGINALD (1861- )

Wingate of the Egyptian Intelligence See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department, to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape, reaching See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1895 . In a remarkable See also:

• BOOK

book, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire and See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

Sword in the Sudan, written in the same See also:

• YEAR

year and issued in See also:

• ENGLISH

English and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German in 1896, Slatin gave not only, as stated in the sub-See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, " a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal narrative of fighting and serving the dervishes " but a connected See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Sudan under the See also:

• RULE

rule of the khalif a . Raised to the 'rank of pasha by the See also:

• KHEDIVE

khedive, Slatin received from See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria the Companionship of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath .

On the See also:

• EVE

eve of his surrender to the mandi at See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas 1883 he had resolved, if he regained his See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, to use the know-ledge he would acquire while in captivity for the eventual benefit of the country, and after a year's See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest he took part, as an officer on the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of the Egyptian army, in the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of 1897—98 which ended in the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Omdurman . For his services in these campaigns he was made a K.C.M.G. and in 1899 was ennobled by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of Austria . In 'goo he was appointed Inspector-General of the Sudan, in which capacity his mastery of Arabic and his profound knowledge of the See also:

• LAND

land and peoples proved invaluable in the See also:

• WORK

work of reconstruction undertaken by the Anglo-Egyptian government in that country . In 1907 he was made an honorary major-general in the See also:

• BRITISH

British army . SLAUGHTER-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

HOUSE, or See also:

• ABATTOIR (from abatire, to strike down)

ABATTOIR . In the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom slaughter-houses are of two kinds, those which belong to individual butchers and those which belong to public private. authorities; the former are usually called private slaughter-houses, the latter public slaughter-houses . Private slaughter-houses in existence in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England before the passing of the Public See also:

• HEALTH

Health See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1875 were established without See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence by the See also:

• LOCAL

local authority, except in those towns to which the provisions of the Towns Improvement Clauses Act 1847, See also:

• RELATING

relating to slaughter-houses, were applied by See also:

• SPECIAL

special Act . By the Act of 1875 these provisions were extended to all See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts . Subsequently to 1890 urban authorities adopting Part III. of the Public Health (See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

Amendment Act) of that year could license for limited periods of not less than one year all slaughter-houses coming into existence after such See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption . In See also:

• LONDON

London, slaughter-houses have been licensed since 1855 . Private slaughter-houses are frequently situated at the See also:

• REAR

rear of the See also:

• SHOP

shop in which the See also:

• MEAT

meat is sold . Each consists of a compartment in which the animals are killed, and in association with this are the pounds in which a few animals can be kept pending slaughter .

These buildings are regulated by by-See also:

• LAWS

laws made under the Public Health Act by the several urban sanitary authorities . The by-laws usually provide for the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor to be made of jointless paving, to ensure that the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth shall not be fouled in the See also:

• PROCESS

process of slaughtering; for the walls to be cemented to a certain height above the floor, to provide a See also:

• SURFACE

surface which can be easily cleaned; for the doors to be of sufficient width to enable See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle to enter the slaughter-house without difficulty; and for the poundage to have floor-space sufficient for each See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal . These by-laws also provide for See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply to the slaughter-house for cleansing, and to the pounds for the use of the animals, for the periodical See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-See also:

• WHITING
• WHITING (Gadus merlangus)

whiting of the premises, and for the observance of care to prevent the See also:

• BLOOD

blood escaping into the drains . Private slaughter-houses, especially those which were established without licence, are often in too close proximity to inhabited buildings . In towns in which by-laws are not strictly enforced they are often See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance . Private slaughter-houses are also objectionable on other grounds . They See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to the See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving of cattle through the towns on the way to the slaughter-house, sometimes to the danger of the inhabitants, and they render impossible any systematic inspection of meat . It is in connexion with the increasing demand for such meat-inspection that the objections to private slaughter-houses are most manifested; and hence, in countries in which the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law provides for the obligatory inspection of meat, private slaughter-houses are ceasing to exist, and public abattoirs are being substituted for them . Public slaughter-houses are of See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity and owe their beginnings to See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . In 300 B.C. animals were Public slaughtered in the open See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Later, to meet the convenience of butchers, a house on the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber was given to them for the purposes of their See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . This house had been occupied by a Roman See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen named Macellus .

The See also:

• BUILDING

building appears to have retained his name, and hence the macellum of See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy's time subsequently erected in the Forum, which, inter alia, is believed to have contained rooms for the slaughter of animals . The rooms actually used for slaughter were lanienae, from laniare, but the word macellum has been preserved in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian macellare, to slaughter, and in the German metzgen or metzgeln, and in the English See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre . Public slaughter-houses existed in many large towns of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times under the name of Kuttelhofe; they were mostly situated on the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, which provided an ample supply of water, and afforded means for the removal of blood . Some of these Kuttelhofe continued to exist within See also:

• RECENT

recent years . No law other than a See also:

• TOWN

town law governed their See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment and management . They were owned or controlled by the butchers' corporations or See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, but all butchers were not members of the gilds; and this appears to have led to a ministerial See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in 1826, which made it inadmissible to require every See also:

• BUTCHER

butcher to slaughter in them . Shortly after the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the prevalence of trichinosis compelled a return to the use of public slaughter-houses; and the enactment of laws in 1868 and 1881 in Prussia, and similar laws in other German states, empowered urban authorities to require that all animals killed in towns should be slaughtered in public slaughter-houses . (See also:

• SCHWARZ (or SCHWARTZ), CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1726-1798)
• SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885)

Schwarz, Bau, Einrichtung and Betrieb a fentticher Schlacht- and Viehhofe.) In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in the 15th and 16th centuries, numerous towns were provided with public slaughter-houses . It was required that they should be used by all persons killing animals the flesh of which was to be sold; but their position and the conditions they created were such as urgently to demand amelioration, and some effort was made in this direction in 1567 . It was not, however, until the time of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I. that it was decided that the atrocious nuisance which these slaughter-houses created should be removed . By decrees passed in 1807 and 1810 public slaughter-houses were required to be provided in all large towns in France, the needs of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris being determined by a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission, which recommended the establishment of five abattoirs or public slaughter-houses . In 1838 the requirement that public slaughter-houses should be provided in large centres was extended to all towns in France, and it was further required that the slaughter-houses should be situated at a distance from dwelling-houses .

In 1867 the large abattoir of La See also:

• VILLETTE, CHARLES, MARQUIS DE (1736-1793)

Villette was constructed to meet the needs of Paris, two of the five constructed under the decrees of Napoleon being closed . In 1898 the additional abattoir of Vaugirard was opened, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the five wereclosed except Villejuif, which was restricted in its use to the slaughter of horses for human See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . In See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium public slaughter-houses have been provided in all the large and many of the small towns . In See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland there are public slaughter-houses in nearly all places having more than two thousand inhabitants . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy a law of 1890 required that public slaughter-houses should be erected in all communities of more than six thousand inhabitants . In Austria a law of 185o required the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of such places in all the large and See also:

• MEDIUM

medium-sized towns . In See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden a law of 1892 required the provision of public slaughter-houses; but it has only partially been fulfilled . In See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark there are public slaughter-houses in a few towns, including See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen . In the Nether-lands and See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania a number of public slaughter-houses have been provided . It is in Germany, however, that the greatest progress has been made, and especially in Prussia, where, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Ostertag of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin states, they have " grown out of the ground " (Handbuch der Fleischbeschau) ; so much so that in 1897 there were 321 public slaughter-houses in the kingdom, 4o of which were provided in the period 1895-1897 . A later work (See also:

• LES

Les Abattoirs publics, by J. de Loverdo, H . Martel and See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

Mallet, 1906) gives the number of public slaughter-houses as 839 in Germany, 84 in England, 912 in France and nearly zoo in Austria .

In some other countries public slaughter-houses have been provided, but they are of a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . In England the power to provide public slaughter-houses was given by the Public Health Act 1848 to the local authorities of cities, towns, boroughs, &c., to which the Act was applied Regnts- by Order; and later, was given to all urban sanitary hens. authorities by See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section 169 of the Public Health Act 1875 . These authorities have, however, suffered from the disadvantage that they have had no power to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the continuance of private slaughter-houses (except in so far as these were annually licensed), and they have therefore been unable to ensure that the public provision would be used by the butchers . In See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland much the same See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers exist; but in Scotland, if the See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh commissioners provide a public slaughter-house, no other slaughter-house can be used . Some English local authorities have obtained in local acts powers similar to those possessed by the burgh commissioners in Scotland . The need for still wider control is, however, See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest . See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast may be cited as an See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of a town in which a public slaughter-house has been provided, and in which there are no private slaughter-houses, but which receives a quantity of meat from private slaughter-houses erected beyond the boundaries of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . The outcome of these difficulties is that the power of local authorities to provide public slaughter-houses has been but sparingly used . There is no law requiring that meat shall be inspected before See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale for human food, hence there is no See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation upon butchers to make use of public establishments for the slaughter of their cattle . This, indeed, is the position of some of the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental slaughter-houses; but the increasing strictness of the laws as to meat-inspection, and especially in requiring that all animals shall be inspected at the time of slaughter, is making the use of public slaughter-houses obligatory . Such a law now exists in Belgium, where it has served as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model to other countries . An Imperial German law of 1900 extends to all parts of that country the same requirement, and enacts that " neat cattle, See also:

• SWINE

swine, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, goats, horses, and See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, the meat of which is intended to be used for food for See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, shall be subjected to an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official inspection both before and after slaughter." Antecedent to that year it was in force in southern Germany, in See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, but only in some parts of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern, western and central Germany .

A similar law exists in Norway and Sweden, but, as already stated, provision of public slaughter-houses is still meagre; in Austria-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary there is a similar requirement, but Ostertag states that the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration is lacking in uniformity; in Italy, he writes, the regulation of meat-inspection having been See also:

• LEFT

left to provincial authorities, thorough reform is impossible . In the British colonies advance is being made . New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand has a number of public slaughter-houses . The Meat Supervision Act of Victoria empowers the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Health to make regulations for ensuring the wholesomeness of meat supplies . Regulations have been made for See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne . Cattle are killed in public slaughter-houses and the carcases are stamped, thus showing in which slaughter-house they have been killed . The planning and construction of public slaughter-houses have been the subject of excellent See also:

• TREATISES

treatises by German writers, among whom may be mentioned Dr Oscar Schwarz, of See also:

• STOLP, or STOLPE

Stolp, Gonstrucand Herr Osthoff, a former city architect of Berlin, to tton . whose See also:

• WORKS

works the writer of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article is largely indebted for See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . After inspection of the public slaughter-houses in England and in a number of Continental cities, the writer considers that those of Germany are most deserving of description . The slaughter-house should be situated outside the town, or so placed as to be isolated, and approached by wide roads, so that if cattle are driven through them there should not be interference with the See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . If possible, the slaughter-house should be connected with the railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system by a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• LINE

line, with a See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform which has an impervious surface capable of being readily cleansed and disinfected . The most convenient shape of the site is a rectangle or square, having one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side abutting on the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal road and another side bounded by the railway .

A cattle-See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market is usually provided in connexion with the slaughter-house, and the position should be such that cattle brought by See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train can be taken immediately into the cattle-market and from the market or the railway to the slaughter-house . The cattle-market should be entirely See also:

• SEPARATE

separate from the slaughter- house See also:

• AREA

area . Osthoff states (Schlachthofe See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur kleine and mittelgrosse Stadte) that the area of the slaughter-house should be as follows:- Sq . Metres . Towns of 5,000- 7,000 inhabitants . 0.40 per inhabitant . 7,000-10,000 „ . 0.35 „ 10,000-50,000 „ 0.30 over 50,000 „ . 0.25 It is of course assumed that the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population derives the whole of its meat-supply from this source . The parts required, according to Dr Oscar Schwarz, are: (I) an administrative See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block; (2) a slaughtering-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, with a special See also:

• ROOM

room for scalding swine; (3) cattle lairs; (4) room for scalding and cleansing tripe and intestines; (5) an See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine-house; (6) separate slaughtering-room, with lairs for animals suffering from, or suspected to be suffering from, contagious disease . In small towns the slaughtering-hall and room for cleansing intestines may, to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save cost of construction, be under the same roof . A necessary See also:

• ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join)

adjunct is a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold chamber, to which carcases can be removed from the slaughtering-hall .

The actual slaughtering compartment has been built on two plans—one providing a separate slaughtering-room for each butcher, the other a See also:

• COMMON

common slaughtering-hall . The latter is greatly to be preferred, inasmuch as it is the only arrangement which gives adequate opportunity for inspection by the officials whose See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty it is to examine the meat . The slaughter-house in Berlin was constructed on the separate-room system; but the system gave rise to difficulties of inspection . During recent years in Germany the practice has been to construct slaughter-houses with common halls . The part occupied by each butcher at the time of slaughtering is, however, sufficiently distinguishable, and at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg the position of the hooks See also:

• HANGING

hanging from above divides the hall into separate areas, each of which has an entrance from without . Schwarz gives the following as the most convenient arrangement of the buildings: The administrative building (with the house of the See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent) at the entrance, so that from it the entrance and whole See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place can be seen . In the vicinity should be a weighing-See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine for cattle . The centre of the area is occupied by the slaughtering-halls, and the lairs belonging to them are only separated from them by a road or passage way . The manure-house and tripe-house must be easily accessible from all the slaughtering-halls, but not in See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication with them, or See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell from them may enter the hall . The manure-house must abut upon a road, to enable its contents to be removed without passing through the premises . Next to the tripe and See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-scalding houses is the engine-house . The building for diseased animals, with the slaughter-house for them, must be isolated from all other buildings .

All buildings should be so arranged that they may be capable of See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension as the population of the town increases . By the provision of grass plots and trees every effort should be made to relieve the premises of the dreary See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance they will otherwise See also:

• PRESENT

present . Cold See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, although not included among the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute essentials for small slaughter-houses, are an almost necessary adjunct, for they serve for the preservation of the meat after slaughter, and are indeed absolutely necessary when the slaughter-house is of large See also:

• SIZE

size . The cold chamber should be situated opposite the slaughtering-halls, so that carcases can be conveyed by overhead See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers directly from these halls to it . Within the cold chamber'are separate compartments or cages- of different sizes, rented by butchers, who are thus able to preserve their meat and draw upon their supply as their business may require . The cold chamber is therefore a great convenience to the butchers, and is a source of profit to the authority owning the slaughter-house . A frequent adjunct to large German slaughter-houses is the " Freibank,” at which is sold at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price cooked meat of quality which renders it unfit to be sold under See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary conditions . Much depends upon the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design and details of construction of the several component parts of a public slaughter-house, upon the provision of adequate See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting and See also:

• VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation of the buildings, upon the construction of walls, floors, and fittings which are impermeable and can be readily cleansed, and upon the provision of an abundant water-supply . It is essential that the buildings should be well lighted, especially those which are used for the slaughtering operations, or for any detailed examination of meat which may be needed—such, for instance, as for trichinae . The material generally used for the floor of the slaughtering-hall is See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement or granolithic See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement, which must not present so smooth a surface as to beslippery . The floor mu§t have an adequate fail, so that the washings may See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge into a system of drainage . The plans of the public slaughter-house of See also:

• NEUSALZ

Neusalz on the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder and of See also:

• DUSSELDORF

Dusseldorf well illustrate the provision which is now made respectively for a small and for a large town .

The writer is. indebted to Dr Schwarz for the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan and a description of the slaughter-house at Neusalz . It was completed in October 1899, and is erected on the Oder below the town, on land of an area of 8500 square metres . The building was carefully planned by the town architect, Herr Brannaschk, so as to admit of increase within the next Io-2o years . See also:

• BRICKWORK

Brickwork is used for the construction of the buildings, and the See also:

• ROOFS

roofs are of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and cement . The walls of all the rooms except those of the administrative block are lined partly with polished See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, partly with cement, to a height of two metres above the floor . The floors consist of stone slabs set in cement (fig . I) . The administrative block (A) is situated at the entrance and is a three-See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey building, containing an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, a room for examination of meat for trichinae, and dwelling-rooms for the superintendent . In the central block (B) two slaughter-halls are provided (a) for swine and (b) for cattle and sheep . With these are associated (c) an engine-house, (d) a See also:

• BOILER

boiler and See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel room, (e) a workshop, (f) a passage communicating with the two slaughter-halls, (g) a cold chamber, (h) ante-rooms to the cold chamber, (i) dressing-rooms for assistants, and (k) stabling . The cold chamber has an area of 169 square metres and contains 28 cells of various sizes . In order to attain an even temperature of 2° C. to 4° C., air rendered cold by s-_- giver Oder Thefigures aim meaew•enents in metres .

Oder (1899) . the See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia process is conveyed to the room by channels . In the engine-house (c) are a 48-See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-power engine, the cooling See also:

• MACHINES

machines, and the water-See also:

• PUMP

pump, which pumps water from a well into two cisterns situated in a water-See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower over the passage between the two slaughter-halls . In the outbuilding (C) are (a) and (b) the gut-washing rooms for cattle and swine respectively, (c) an ante-room with (d) openings for manure to be thrown into carts . The road (e) slopes downwards, so as to enable a See also:

• CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

cart to be driven below the openings through which the manure is discharged . In the out-building (D) are (a) a horse slaughtering-room, (b) a See also:

• STABLE

stable, (c) a bathroom, (d) a room in which the floor washings are treated chemically or by filtration before discharge into the river, and (e) a urinal . In the outbuilding (E) are (a) a stable for sick animals, (b) a slaughter-house for diseased animals, (c) a sterilizing-room for meat to be subsequently sold in (d) the " Freibank,” (e) a stable for horses, and () a cart-See also:

• SHED

shed . The slaughter-house is lighted with electric See also:

• LIGHT

light . The cost of the buildings is about £19,000, and provides for a population of 20,000 to 25,000 inhabitants . The slaughter-house at Dusseldorf is on a more extensive See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . It was erected at an estimated cost of from £162,000 to £175,000, and covers an area of about 23.2 acres . Provision is made for each department to be practically doubled in size .

It is unnecessary to describe it in 'any detail, but it may be noted that it has a market associated with it, and that separate slaughter-halls are provided for large cattle, for small cattle (sheep and calves), and for swine (fig . 2) .