SLAVS  . Judged by the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language test, and no other is readily available, the Slays are the most numerous See also:

• RACE

race in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, amounting to some 140,000,000 souls . Outside Europe there are the Russians in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body, and a large number of emigrants settled in See also:

• AMERICA

America, where, however, although most of the nationalities have their own See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, the second See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of immigrants tends to be assimilated . Divisions and See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution.—The Slays are divided geographically into three main See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, Eastern, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Western and See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern; linguistically also the same See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division is convenient . The Russians stand by themselves as the Eastern See also:

• GROUP

group . They hold all the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain from the 27th See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian to the Urals, the Finnish and Tatar tribes making up but a small proportion of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population: beyond these limits to the east they stretch into central Siberia and thence in narrow bands along the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers all the way to the Pacific; on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west the Ruthenians (q.v.) of See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge between the Poles and the See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars and almost See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch the loth meridian . The Russians must number See also:

• IOO

ioo,000,000 . The North-Western group includes the Poles, about 15,000,000, in the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the See also:

• VISTULA (Ger. Weichsel, Polish Wisla)

Vistula; the See also:

• KASHUBES (sing. Kaszub, plur. Kaszebe)

Kashubes (q.v.), about 200,000, on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast north-west of See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig; the High and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low See also:

• SORBS

Sorbs (q.v.) or See also:

• WENDS

Wends in See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia, 180,000 Slays completely surrounded by Germans; the Cechs (See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech, q.v.) in the square of Bohemia, making up with their eastern neighbours, the Moravians, a See also:

• PEOPLE

people of 6,000,000 in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria surrounded on three sides by Germans . In the north of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, connecting up Ruthenians, Poles and Moravians, but most closely akin to the latter, are 2,500,000 See also:

• SLOVAKS (Slovak, fern. Slovenka, adj. slovensk, formerly called Slovene, but to be distinguished from the Slovenes of Carinthia, in Magyar Tat)

Slovaks (q.v.) . With the Sorbs, Poles and Kashubes are to be classed the now teutonized Slays of central See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, who once stretched as far to the north-west as See also:

• RUGEN

Rugen and See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein and to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west to the See also:

• SAALE

Saale . They are generally called See also:

• POLABS (Po=on, Laba=Elbe)

Polabs (q. v.), or Slays on the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe, as their last survivors were found on that See also:

• RIVER

river in the eastern corner of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover . The Southern Slays, See also:

• SLOVENES [Slovenci, Ger. Winden, to be distinguished from the Slovaks (q.v.) and from the Slovinci (see KASHUBES) west of Danzig]

Slovenes (q.v.), Serbo-Croats (see See also:

• SERVIA

SERVIA) and Bulgarians (see See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

BULGARIA), are cut off from the main body by the Germans of Austria proper and the Magyars, bothof whom occupy See also:

• SOIL

soil once See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic, and have absorbed much Slavonic See also:

• BLOOD

blood, and by the Rumanians of Transylvania and the See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, who represent the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Dacians romanized .

These Slays occupy the main See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula downwards from the See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian See also:

• ALPS

Alps and the See also:

• LINE

line of the Muhr, See also:

• DRAVE, or DRAVA (Ger. Drau, Hung. Drava, Lat. Dravus)

Drave and Danube . North of this all three races have consider-able settlements in southern Hungary . Their southern boundary is very See also:

• ILL

ill-defined, various nationalities being closely intermingled . To the south-west the Slays See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march with the Albanians, to the south-east with the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, and to the south and along the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean coasts they have the Greeks as neighbours . Although the Southern Slays fall into these three divisions, linguistically the separation is not See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp, nor does it coincide with the See also:

• POLITICAL

political frontiers . Roughly speaking, the eastern See also:

• HALF

half of the peninsula is held by the Bulgarians, some 5,000,000 in number, the western half by the Serbo-Croats, of whom there must be about 8,000,000 . This is the most divided of the Slavonic races; its members profess three forms of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and use three alphabets—the Serbs and Bosnians being mostly Orthodox and using the See also:

• CYRILLIC

Cyrillic See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet, but including many Mussulmans; the Croats being See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing with Latin letters; and the Dalmatians also Roman Catholics, but using, some of them, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Glagolitic script for their Slavonic See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy . The language also falls into three dialects See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the religions, and across all these lines run the frontiers of the political divisions—the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Servia (more correctly written Serbia); the kingdom of See also:

• MONTENEGRO

Montenegro; the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish provinces of Old Servia and Novibazar, still in Turkish hands; those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, annexed by Austria; the coast-line and islands of See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria and See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia, which also form See also:

• PART

part of Austria; and the kingdom of Croatia, which is included in the dominion of Hungary, to say nothing of outlying colonies in Hungary itself and in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . In the extreme north-west, in See also:

• CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain)

Carniola, in the southern parts of See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria and See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia, and over the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian border in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• UDINE

Udine and the Vale of Resia live the Slovenes, something under 1,500,000, much divided dialectically . Between the Slovenes and the Croats there are transition dialects, and about 184o there was an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt (Illyrism) to establish a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• LITERARY

literary language . In See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia and along the border are See also:

• SPECIAL

special varieties of Bulgarian, some of which approach Servian . Akin to the Macedonians were the Slays, who once occupied the whole of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• LEFT

left traces in the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names, though they See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ago disappeared among the older population .

Akin to the Slovenes were the old inhabitants of Austria and south-west Hungary before the intrusion of the Germans and Magyars . See also:

• HISTORY

History—This distribution of the Slays can be accounted for historically . In spite of traditions (e.g. the first See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of Pseudo-See also:

• NESTOR
• NESTOR (c. 1056-c. 1114)

Nestor) which bring them from the basin of the Danube, most See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence goes to show that when they formed one people they were settled to the north-east of the Carpathians in the basins of the Vistula, Pripet and Upper Dnestr (See also:

• DNIESTER (Tyras and Danaster or Danastris of classical authors, Nistrul of the Rumanians, and Turla of the Turks)

Dniester) . To the N. they had their nearest relatives, the ancestors of the Baltic tribes, Prussians, See also:

• LITHUANIANS

Lithuanians and Letts; to the E . Finns; to the S.E. the Iranian population of the See also:

• STEPPES

Steppes of See also:

• SCYTHIA (Gr. EKuOia)

Scythia (q.v.); to the S.W., on the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Carpathians, various Thracian tribes; to the N.W. the Germans; between the Germans and Thracians they seem to have had some contact with the Celts, but this was not the first See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things, as the Illyrians, Greeks and Italians probably came between . This location, arrived at by a comparison of the fragmentary accounts of Slavonic migrations and their distribution in historic See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, is confirmed by its agreement with the place taken by the Slavonic language among the other Indo-European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages (see below), and by what we know of the place-names of eastern Europe, in that for this See also:

• AREA

area they seem exclusively Slavonic, outside it the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest names belong to other languages . The archaeological evidence is not yet cleared up, as, for the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period we have to consider, the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

neolithic and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, the region above defined is divided between three different cultures, represented by the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of urns in Lusatia and See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, See also:

• CIST (Gr. ,dorn, Lat. cista, a box; cf. Ger. Kiste, Welsh kistvaen, stone-coffin, and also the other Eng. form " chest ")

cist See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves with See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, and the poor and little-known graves of the Dn6pr (See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper) basin . This variety may to some extent be due to the various cultural influences to which the same race was exposed, the western division lying on the route between the Baltic and Mediterranean, the central being quite inaccessible, the eastern part in time showing in its graves the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

Steppe people and the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek colonies in Scythia . There is a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual transition to cemeteries with Roman See also:

• OBJECTS

objects which shade off into such as are certainly Slavonic . The See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical type of the Slays is not sufficiently clear to help in throwing See also:

• LIGHT

light upon the past of the race . Most of the See also:

• MODERN

modern Slays are rather See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-headed, the Balkan Slays being tall and dark, those of central Europe dark and of See also:

• MEDIUM

medium height, the Russians on the whole rather short though the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White and Little Russians are of medium height; in complexion the southern Russians are dark, the northern light, but with less decided See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour than See also:

• FAIR

fair western Europeans . In spite of the prevalent brachycephaly of the modern Slays, measurements of skulls from cemeteries and ancient graves which are certainly Slavonic have shown, against all expectation, that the farther back we go the greater is the proportion of long heads, and the race appears to have been originally See also:

• DOLICHOCEPHALIC (long-headed)

dolichocephalic and osteologically indistinguishable from its See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, Baltic and Finnish neighbours .

In its See also:

• PRESENT

present seats it must have assimilated See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign elements, German and See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic in central Europe, Finnish and Turkish in See also:

• GREAT

Great and Little See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, all these together with Thracian and Illyrian in the Balkans; but how much the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between the various Slavonic nations are due to admixture, how much to their new homes, has not been made clear . In spite of the vast area which the Slays have occupied in historic times there is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to claim for them before the migrations a wider homeland than that above defined beyond the Carpathians; given favourable circumstances a nation multiplies so fast (e.g. the Anglo-See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons in the last See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and twenty years) that we can set no limits to the area that a comparatively small race could See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover in the course of four centuries . Therefoce the mere See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of providing them with >acncestors sufficiently numerous does not compel us to seek for the Slays among any of the populous nations of the ancient See also:

• WORLD

world . Various investigators have seen Slays in Scythians, Sarmatians, Thracians, Illyrians, and in fact in almost all the barbarous tribes which have been mentioned in the east of Europe, but we can refer most of such tribes to their real See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities much better than the ancients, and at any See also:

• RATE

rate we can be sure that none of these were Slays . There is no evidence that the Slays made any considerable See also:

• MIGRATION

migration from their first See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home until the 1st See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . Their first Transcarpathian seat See also:

• LAY

lay singularly remote from the knowledge of the Mediterranean peoples . See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (iv . 17, 51, 105) does seem to mention the Slays under the name of See also:

• NEURI

Neuri (q.v.), at least the Neuri on the upper See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Dnestr are in the right place for Slays, and their See also:

• LYCANTHROPY (Gr. Man, wolf, avepwaos, man)

lycanthropy suggests modern Slavonic superstitions; so we are justified in equating Neuri and Slays, though we have no See also:

• DIRECT

direct statement of their identity . Other classical writers down to and including See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo tell us nothing of eastern Europe beyond the immediate neighbourhood of the Euxine . See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (N.H. iv . 97) is the first to give the Slays a name which can leave us in no doubt . He speaks of the Venedi (cf .

See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, Germania, 46, See also:

• VENETI

Veneti); See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy (Geog. iii . 5 . 7, 8) calls them Venedae and puts them along the Vistula and by the Venedic gulf, by which he seems to mean the Gulf of Danzig: he also speaks of the Venedic mountains to the south of the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Vistula, that is, probably the northern Carpathians . The name Venedae is clearly Wend, the name that the Germans have always applied to the Slays . Its meaning is unknown . It has been the cause of much confusion because of the Armorican Veneti, the Paphlagonian Enetae, and above all the Enetae-Venetae at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Adriatic . Enthusiasts have set all of these down as Slays, and the last with some show of reason, as nowadays we have Slovenes just north of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . However, See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions in the Venetian language are sufficient to prove that it was not Slavonic . Other names in Ptolemy which almost certainly denote Slavonic tribes are the Veltae on the Baltic,ancestors of the Wiltzi, a division of the Polabs (q.v.), the Sulani and the Saboci, whose name is a Slavonic See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Transmontani of another source . Unless we are to conjecture Stlavani for Ptolemy's Stavani, or to insist on the resemblance of his Suobeni to Slovene, the name Slav first occurs in Pseudo-Caesarius (Dialogues, ii. sto; See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, P.G. xxxviii . 985, early 6th century), but the earliest definite See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of them under that name is given by Jordanes (Getica, V . 34, 35, c .

550 A.D.): See also:

• DACIA

Dacia . . . ad coronae spec em arduis Alpibus emunita, iuxta See also:

• QUORUM (Lat. for " of whom ")

quorum sinistrum lalus, qui in aquilone vergit, ab ortu Vistulae fluminis per immensa spatia Venetharum populosa natio consedit . Quorum nomina licet nunc per varias familias et loca mulentur, principaliter 'See also:

• AMEN

amen Sclaveni et Antes nominantur . Sclaveni a civitate Novietunense (Noviodunum, Isakca on the Danube See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta) . . . usque ad Danastrum et in boream Viscla tenus commorantur . . . Antes vero, qui cunt eorum fortissimi, qua Ponticum See also:

• MARE

mare curvatur a Danastro extenduntur usque ad Danaprum; cf. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 119, where these tribes are said to form part of the dominions of Hermanrich . Sclaveni, or something like it, has been the See also:

• REGULAR

regular name for the Slays from that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day to this . The native form is Slovene; in some cases, e.g. in modern Russian under foreign influence, we have an a instead of the o . The See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination sl was difficult to the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans and they inserted 1, th or most commonly c, which continues to See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop up . So too in Arabic Sagaliba, Saqldb .

The name has been derived from slovo, a word, or slava, See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory, either directly or through the -slay which forms the second See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in so many Slavonic proper names, but no explanation is satisfactory . The word " slave " and its cognates in most European languages date from the time when the Germans supplied the slave-markets of Europe with Slavonic captives . The name Antes we find applied to the Eastern Slays by Jordanes; it may be another form of Wend . See also:

• ANTAE (a Lat. plural word, possibly from ante, before)

Antae is used by See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius (B.G. iii . 14) . He likewise distinguishes them from the Sclaveni, but says that both spoke the same language and both were formerly called Spori, which has been identified with Serb, the racial name now surviving in Lusatia and Servia . Elsewhere he speaks of the measureless tribes of the Antae; this appellation is used by the Byzantines until the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 7th century . The sudden See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in the 6th-century writers of definite names for the Slays and their divisions means that by then the race had made itself See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to the Graeco-Roman world, that it had spread well beyond its original narrow limits, and had some time before come into contact with civilisation . This may have been going on since the 1st century A.D., and evidence of it has been seen in the southward See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the Costoboci into northern Dacia (Ptolemy) and of the See also:

• CARPI
• CARPI, GIROLAMO DA (15or-1556)

Carpi to the Danube (A.D . 200), but their Slavonic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character is not established . A few ancient names on the Danube, notably that of the river Tsierna (Cerna, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black), have a Slavonic look, but a coincidence is quite possible . The gradual spread of the Slays was masked by the wholesale migrations of the Goths, who for two centuries lorded it over the Slays, at first on the Vistula and then in south Russia .

We hear more of their movements because they were more immediately threatening for the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . In dealing with Ptolemy's location of the Goths and Slays we must regard the former as superimposed upon the latter and occupying the same territories . This domination of the Goths was of enormous importance in the development of the Slays . By this we may explain the presence of a large number of Germanic See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan words common to all the Slavonic languages, many of them words of cultural significance . " See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King, See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny, See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, See also:

• LOAF

loaf, earring " all appear in Slavonic; the words must have come from the Goths and prove their strong influence, although the things must have been familiar before . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand " plough " is said to be Slavonic, but that is not certain . When the See also:

• HUNS

Huns succeeded the Goths as masters of central Europe, they probably made the Slays See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply them with contingents . Indeed their easy victory may have been due to the dissatisfaction of the Slays . Priscils (See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, F.H.G. iv. p . 69, cf . Jord . Get. xlix .

258) in his account of the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of See also:

• ATTILA (d. 453)

Attila mentions words which may be Slavonic, but have also been explained from German . After the fall of the Hunnish See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power the Eastern Goths and Gepidae pressed southwards and westwards to the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the Empire, and the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards and See also:

• HERULI

Heruli followed in their tracks . When next we get a view of northern Germany we find it full of Slays, e.g. from Procopius (B.G. ii . 15) we know that they held the See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg by 512; but this See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement was effected without attracting the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of any contemporary writer . Modern historians seem to adopt their attitude to the See also:

• PROCESS

process according to their view of the Slays; German writers, in their contempt for the Slays, mostly deny the possibility of their having forced German tribes to leave their homes, and assume that the riches of southern Europe attracted the latter so that they willingly gave up their barren northern plains; most Slavonic authors have taken the same view in accordance with the idealistic picture of the peaceful, kindly, democratic .Slays who 'contrast so favourably with the See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage • Germans and their See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war-lords; but of late they have realised that their ancestors were no more peaceful than any one else, and have wished to put down to warlike pressure from the Slays all the southward movements of the German tribes, to whom no choice was left but to try to break through the Roman defences . A reasonable view is that the expansion of the Eastern Germans in the last centuries B.C. was made at the expense of the Slays, who, while no more peaceful than the Germans, were less capable than they of combining for successful war, so that Goths and others were dwelling among them and lording it over them; that the mutual competitions of the Germans drove some of these against the Empire, and when this had become weakened, so that it invited attack, some tribes and parts of tribes moved forward without any pressure from behind; this took away the strength of the German element, and the Slays, not improbably under German organization, regained the upper hand in their own lands and could even spread westwards at the expense of the German remnant . Almost as uncertain is the exact time when the Southern Slays began to move towards the Balkans . If already at the time, of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan's conquests there were Slays in Dacia, it would account for the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story in Ps . Nestor that certain Volchi or Vlachi, i.e . See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance speakers, had conquered the Slays upon the Danube and driven them to the Vistula, for the place that the name of Trajan has in Slavonic tradition, and for the presence of an agricultural population, the See also:

• SARMATAE, or SAUROMATAE (the second form is mostly used by the earlier Greek writers, the other by the later Greeksand the Romans)

Sarmatae Limigantes subject to the See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad Sarmatae (q.v.), on the See also:

• THEISS (Hungarian, Tisza; Lat., Tisia or Tissus)

Theiss . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, we cannot say that the Slays occupied any large parts of the Balkan Peninsula before the beginning of the 6th century, when they appear in See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine history as a new terror; there seems to have been an invasion in the time of See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin, and another followed in 527 (Procopius, B.G. iii . 40 and Hist .

Arc . 18) . At the same time as the Slays, the Huns, the Bulgars, and after 558 the See also:

• AVARS

Avars, were also making invasions from the same direction . The first and last disappeared like all nomads, but the Bulgars, making them-selves lords of one See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Slays, gave it their own name . By 584 the Slays had overrun all Greece, and were the worst western neighbours of the Eastern Empire . Hence the directions how to See also:

• DEAL

deal with Slays in the Strategicum of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice (c . 600) and the See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

Tactics of See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo . By the end of the following century they were permanently settled throughout the whole of the Balkan Peninsula . (For their further history see SERVIA, BULGARIA, BOSNIA, DALMATIA, CROATIA-SLAVONIA.) These Southern Slays, though divided into nationalities, are closely akin to one another . There is n,o reason to think the Serbo-Croats. an intrusive wedge, although See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine Porphyrogenitus (De adm . See also:

• IMP
• IMP (O. Eng. impa, a graft, shoot; the verb impian is cognate with Ger. impfen, to graft, inoculate, and the Fr. enter; the ultimate origin is probably the Gr. 'µ4uety, to implant, cf. Et.A4Uros, engrafted)

Imp . 30-33) speaks of their coming from the north in the time of See also:

• HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)

Heraclius—the middle of the 7th century .

Their dialects shade into one another, and there is no trace of any influence of the North-Western group . Constantine was probably led astray by the occurrence of the same tribal names in different parts of the Slavonic world . Meanwhile the Southern Slays were cut off from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the race by the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in the 6th century of the Avar kingdom in See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia, and after its destruction in the 7th, by the spread of the Germans south-eastwards, and finally by the incursion ofanother See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• HORDE

horde, that of the Magyars, who have maintained themselves in the midst of Slays for a thousand years . Their conquests were made chiefly at the expense of the Slovenes and the Slovaks, and from their languages they have borrowed many words in forms which have now disappeared . Of the history of the Eastern Slays, who were to become the Russian people, we know little before the coming of the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish Rus, who gave them their name and organization; we have but the mention of Antae acting in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with the other Slays and the Avars in attacking the Empire on the lower Danube, and scattered accounts of Mussulman travellers, which show that they. had reached the See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don and See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga and stretched up northward to See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Ilmen . The more southerly tribes were. tributary to the See also:

• KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars . An exact See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of the territory occupied by each Slavonic people, and a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of its history from the time that it settled in its permanent See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode, will be found either under its own name or under that of its See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . . . Culture and Religion.--For all the See also:

• WORKS

works treating of Slavonic antiquities we cannot draw a portrait of the race and show many distinguishing features . Savage nations as described by the Greeks and Romans are mostly very much alike, and the testimony of language is not very easy to use . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general impression is one of a people which lived in small communistic groups, and was so impatient of authority that they scarcely combined for their own See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and in spite of individual bravery only became formidable to others when cemented together by some. See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien element: hence they all at one time or another See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under an alien yoke; the last survivals of Slavonic See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence being the ve¢e of See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod, and the See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• DIET

diet with its unpractical regard for any minority . The Slays were acquainted with the beginnings of the domestic arts, and were probably more given to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture than the early Germans, though they practised it after a See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion which did not long tie them to any particular See also:

• DISTRICT

district-+-for all writers agree in telling of their errant nature .

They were specially given to the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, from which they brewed See also:

• MEAD
• MEAD, LARKIN GOLDSMITH (1835— )
• MEAD, RICHARD (1673—1754)

mead . They also appear to have been -notable swimmers and to have been skilled in the See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of rivers, and even to have indulged in maritime piracy on the Aegean, the Dalmatian coast and most of all the Baltic, where the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Rugen was a menace to the Scandinavian and German See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-power . The See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental sources also speak of some aptitude for See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce: Their See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent for See also:

• MUSIC

music and singing was already noticeable . Of their religion it is strangely difficult to gain any real See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . The word Bogu, " See also:

• GOD

god," is reckoned a loan word from the Iranian Baga . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief deity was the Thunderer See also:

• PERIM

Perim (cf . Lith . Perkunas),.with whom is identified Svarog, the god of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven; other chief gods were called sons of Svarog, Dazbog the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, Chors and Veles, the god of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . The place of this latter was taken by St See also:

• BLASIUS (or BLAisE), SAINT

Blasius . A hostile deity was Stribog, god of storms . There seem to have been no priests, temples or images among the early Slays . In Russia See also:

• VLADIMIR
• VLADIMIR, ST (c. 956-1015)

Vladimir set up idols and pulled them down upon his See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity; only the Polabs had a highly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed cult with a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple and statues and a definite priesthood .

But this may have been in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of Norse or even See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian institutions . Their chief deity was called Triglav, or the three-headed; he was the same as Svetovit, apparently a See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky god in whose name the monks naturally recognized See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• VITUS, ST (German, Veit; French, Guy)

Vitus . The goddesses are colourless personifications, such as Vesna, See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, and Morana, the goddess of See also:

• DEATH

death and See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . The Slays also believed, and many still believe, in Vily and Rusalki, See also:

• NYMPHS

nymphs of streams and woodlands; also in the Baba-Jaga, a.See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-eating See also:

• WITCH

witch, and in Besy, evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, as well as in vampires and werewolves . They had a full belief in the See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality of the soul, but no very dear ideas as to its See also:

• FATE

fate . It was mostly supposed to go a long See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to a See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

paradise (raj) at the end of the world and had to be equipped for this . Also the See also:

• SOU (O. Fr. sol, Lat, solidus, sc. nummus)

SOU' of the ancestor seems to have developed into the house or See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth god (Domovoj, Kfet) who guarded the See also:

• FAMILY

family . The usual survivals of See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan festivals at the solstices and equinoxes have continued under the form of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church festivals . Christianity among the Slays.—The. means by which was effected the conversion to Christianity of the various Slavonic nations has probably had more influence upon their subsequent history than racial distinctions or See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical conditions . Wherever See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen Slavonic tribes met Christendom missionary effort naturally came into being . This seems first to have been the case along the Dalmatian coast, where the cities retained their Romance population and their Christian faith . From the 7th century the Croats were nominally Christian, and subject to the archbishops of Salona at See also:

• SPALATO, or SPALATRO (Serbo-Croatian Spljet or Split)

Spalato and their suffragans .

From the beginning of the 9th century See also:

• MERSEBURG

Merseburg, See also:

• SALZBURG

Salzburg and See also:

• PASSAU

Passau were the centres for spreading the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel among the Slavonic tribes on the south-eastern See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches of the Frankish empire, in Bohemia, See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)