SLEEPER  , a See also:

• TERM

term used with many technical applications for a piece of See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, &c., used as a support; in See also:

• CARPENTRY

carpentry it is such a piece of timber laid on See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• CROSS

cross walls as a See also:

• PLATE

plate to receive ground joists; in See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding, a strengthening timber for the bows and stern See also:

• FRAME

frame; the most frequent use of the term is for a timber or See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel support on which the chairs are fixed for carrying the rails on a railway; in See also:

• AMERICA

America these are called" ties " (see See also:

• RAILWAYS

RAILWAYS) . The See also:

• COMMON

common explanation of the origin of the word is to connect it with " See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep," the timbers supposed to be lying at See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . The real source of the word is the Norv,egian sleip, a piece of timber used for dragging things over, a See also:

• ROLLER

roller, especially used of timbers laid in a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row in making a road . This word See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat (Etymol . See also:

• DIET

Diet., 1898) connects with " slab," a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat piece of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone or See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French term dormant is used in carpentry, but as See also:

• PART

part of the frame of a window or See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door . SLEEPING-SICKNESS (Trypanosomiasis), a remarkable parasitic disease, See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar among See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• AFRICAN

African natives since the beginning of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and characterized by protracted lethargy, See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever and wasting . It is attributed to the trypanosoma gambiense, a See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite which was discovered in the See also:

• FROG

frog by Gruby in 1847, and in 188o by See also:

• GRIFFITH, SIR RICHARD JOHN (1784-1878)

Griffith See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans in horses afflicted with the disease called " surra " in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . In 1895 Surgeon-See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major (afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir) D . See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce found a trypanosoma similar to Evans's in cases of what was known in See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle as " tsetse-See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly disease "; and though the trypanosoma had not then actually been found in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, Bruce suggested that this was akin to the human " sleeping-sickness " which had now extended into the See also:

• CONGO

Congo See also:

• FREE

Free See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State, See also:

• UGANDA

Uganda and elsewhere, and was causing See also:

• GREAT

great mortality, many Europeans having died of the disease . In 1903 Castelani found the trypanosoma in the cerebra-See also:

• SPINAL

spinal fluid of human patients afflicted with the disease . The question of the See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology of " sleeping-sickness " was vigorously taken up, and in See also:

• JUNE

June 1907 an See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference was held in See also:

• LONDON

London for the purpose of organizing See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research on the subject .

As was pointed out by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Fitzmaurice (18th of June), in his opening address, it was already accepted that trypanosoma gambiense was the cause of the disease, and it was even then " all but proved " that the parasite was conveyed by at least one See also:

• SPECIES

species of tsetse fly (glossina palpalis), the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of which was limited to the neighbourhood of open See also:

• WATER

water . It had further been ascertained, experimentally in animals, and therapeutically in man, that the infection once acquired could be controlled, to some extent, by various substances—See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic, certain See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, dyes, in combinations of arsenic and See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour dyes, e.g. atoxyland by See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury . It remained a question how far certain unascertained factors were at See also:

• WORK

work in the spread of the disease, and for this purpose the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government invited the co-operation of all the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers interested in tropical See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa in considering certain problems, See also:

• ANNUAL

annual or biennial conferences being suggested, and the formation of a central See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

bureau, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to organize the research . These problems were: (I) to determine whether the tsetse fly (glossina palpalis) was a See also:

• DIRECT

direct or indirect conveyor of the parasite; (2) whether the parasite underwent necessary developmental changes in the tsetse fly; (3) if so, whether the See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed germs were conveyed by the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original fly or its larva when arrived at the imago See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage; (4) how See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long an infected glossina palpalis remained infected; (5) whether other species of glossina were concerned; (6) the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical distribution and habits of the fly; (7) whether and how far the spread of infection was the work of any of the vertebrate See also:

• FAUNA

fauna (other than man); (8) to suggest preventive methods for exterminating the glossina, or protecting uninfected districts by segregation or otherwise; (9) to study the See also:

• THERAPEUTICS (Gr. BepaaeuTLKIi, Sc. TEXVrt, from Beparebsty, to serve)

therapeutics of the disease . In the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• MODERN

modern pathology, this organization of research in respect of " sleeping-sickness " must hold an important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as the application of state effort on behalf of the See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science .