See also:

• SMALLPDX, or VARIOLA (virus, " a pimple ")

SMALLPDX, or VARIOLA (See also:

• VIRUS, CHRISTOBAL DE (1550?-1615?)

virus, " a pimple ")  , an acute likely to be an increasing number of individuals who have infectious disease characterized by See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever and by the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance become susceptible to smallpox . This probably explains its on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• BODY

body of an eruption, which, after passing occasional and even apparently periodic epidemic outbreaks through various stages, dries up, leaving more or less distinct in large centres, and the well-known fact that the most severe cicatrices . (For See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology see PARASITIC DISEASES.) Few cases occur at the beginning—those least protected being diseases have been so destructive to human See also:

• LIFE

life as smallpox, necessarily more liable to be first and most seriously attacked . and it has ever been regarded with horror alike from its fatality, Symptoms.—While the symptoms of smallpox are essentially its loathsome accompaniments and disfiguring effects, and from the same in. See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character in all cases, they are variously modified the fact that no See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of life are exempt from liability according to the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form which the disease may assume, there being to its occurrence . Although in most civilized countries its certain well-marked varieties of this as of most other infectious ravages have been greatly limited by the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection afforded maladies . The following description applies to an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case. by See also:

• VACCINATION (from Lat. vacca, a cow)

vaccination, yet epidemic outbreaks are far from uncommon, After the reception into the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the smallpox contagion affecting especially those who are unprotected, or whose See also:

• PRO

pro- the onset of the symptoms is preceded by a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation, tection has become weakened by See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time. during which the patient may or may not complain . This period Much obscurity surrounds the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history of smallpox, is believed to be from about ten to fourteen days . In cases of It appears to have been imported into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe from See also:

• ASIA

Asia, where See also:

• DIRECT

direct inoculation of the See also:

• VIRUS, CHRISTOBAL DE (1550?-1615?)

virus it is considerably shorter . The it had been known and recognized from remote antiquity. invasion of the symptoms is sudden and severe, in the form of The earliest accounts of its existence reach back to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle a rigor followed by fever (the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary fever) , in which the See also:

• TEMPERA (the Italian term), or DISTEMPER

tempera-and end of the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when it was described by See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius See also:

• TURE

ture rises to 103° or 1040 Fahr. or higher, notwithstanding that and See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of See also:

• TOURS

Tours as occurring in epidemic form in See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, See also:

• PERSPIRATION (Lat. per, through, and spirare, to breathe)

perspiration may be going on . A See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• PULSE

pulse is See also:

• PRESENT

present, together See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Europe . In one of the narratives of the with thirst and See also:

• CONSTIPATION (from Lat. constipare, to press closely together, whence also the adjective " costive ")

constipation, while intense headache accompanied expedition of the Abyssinians against See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca (c . 550) the usual with vomiting and See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain in the back is among the most See also:

• CHAR (Salvelinus)

char-miraculous details are combined with a See also:

• NOTICE

notice of smallpox break- acteristic of the initial symptoms .

Occasionally the disease is See also:

• ING

ing out among the invaders.' Not a few authorities, however, ushered in by See also:

• CONVULSIONS

convulsions . These symptoms continue with 'See See also:

• NOLDEKE
• NOLDEKE, THEODOR (1836— )

Noldeke, Geschichte der Terser ... aus T¢See also:

• BARI
• BARI (anc. Barium)

bari (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, greater or less intensity throughout two entire days, and during 1879), p . 218 . Noldeke thinks that this notice may be taken from their course there may occasionally be noticed on various part_ genuine See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical tradition, and seems to find an allusion to it in an of the body, especially on the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen and old poem. inner sides of the thighs, a diffuse redness accompanied by slight spots of extravasation (petechiae), the appearance some-what resembling that of See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet fever . These " prodromal rashes," as they are termed, appear to be more frequent in some epidemics than in others, and they do not seem to have any See also:

• SPECIAL

special significance . They are probably more frequently seen in cases of the mildest form of smallpox (formerly termed varioloid), referred to below as modified smallpox . On the third See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the characteristic eruption begins to make its appearance . It is almost always first seen on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, particularly about the forehead and roots of the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, in the form of a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general redness; but upon this surface there may be See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt by the See also:

• FINGER

finger numerous elevated points more or less thickly set together . The eruption, which is accompanied by See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and itching, spreads over the face, See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk and extremities in the course of a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours—continuing, however, to come out more abundantly for one or two days . It is always most marked on the exposed parts; but in such a case as that now described the individual " pocks " are separated from each other (discrete) . On the second or third day after its appearance the eruption undergoes a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change—the pocks becoming vesicles filled with a clear fluid . These vesicles attain to about the See also:

• SIZE

size of a See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea, and in their centre there is a slight depression, giving the characteristic umbilicated appearance to the pock .

The clear contents of these vesicles gradually become turbid, and by the eighth or ninth day they are changed into pustules containing yellow See also:

• MATTER

matter, while at the same time they increase still further in size and lose the central depression . Accompanying this change there are See also:

• GREAT

great surrounding inflammation and swelling of the skin, which, where the eruption is thickly set, produce much disfigurement and render the features unrecognizable, while the affected parts emit an offensive odour, particularly if, as often happens, the pustules break . The eruption is present not only on the skin, but on mucous membranes, that of the mouth and See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat being affected at an early period; and the swelling produced here is not only a source of great discomfort, but even of danger, from the obstruction thus occasioned in the upper portion of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-passages . The See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice is hoarse and a copious flow of saliva comes from the mouth . The mucous membrane of the nostrils is similarly affected, while that of the eyes may also be involved, to the danger of permanent impairment of sight . The febrile symptoms which ushered in the disease undergo marked See also:

• ABATEMENT (derived through the French abattre, from the Late Latin battere, to beat)

abatement on the appearance of the eruption on the third day, but on the eighth or ninth, when the vesicles become converted into pustules, there is a return of the fever (secondary or suppurative fever), often to a severe extent, and not in-frequently accompanied by prominent See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous phenomena, such as great restlessness, See also:

• DELIRIUM (a Latin medical term for madness, from delirare, to be mad, literally to wander from the lira, or furrow)

delirium or See also:

• COMA (Gr. K(.7)

coma . On the See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh or twelfth day the pustules show signs of drying up (See also:

• DESICCATION (from the Lat. desiccare, to dry up)

desiccation), and along with this the febrile symptoms decline . Great itching of the skin attends this See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage . The scabs produced by the dried pustules gradually fall off and a reddish See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown spot remains, which, according to the See also:

• DEPTH

depth of skin involved in the disease, leaves a permanent See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white depressed scar—this " pitting " so characteristic of smallpox being specially marked on the face . Convalescence in this form of the disease is as a See also:

• RULE

rule uninterrupted . Varieties.—There are certain varieties of smallpox depending upon the form it assumes or the intensity of the symptoms . Confluent smallpox (variola confluens), while essentially the same in its general characters as the form already described, differs from it in the much greater severity of all the symptoms even from the onset, and particularly in regard to the eruption, which, instead of showing itself in isolated pocks, appears in large patches run together, giving a blistered aspect to the affected skin .

This confluent condition is almost entirely confined to the face, and produces shocking disfigurement, while subsequently deep scars remain and the hair may be lost . The mucous membranes suffer in a similar degree of severity, and dangerous complications may arise from the presence of the disease in the mouth, throat and eyes . Both the primary and secondary fevers are extremely severe . The mortality is very high, and it is generally estimated that at least 50% of such cases prove fatal, either from the violence of the disease or from one or other of the numerous complications which are specially See also:

• APT

apt to attendupon it . Convalescence is apt to be slow and interrupted . Another variety is that in which the eruption assumes the haemorrhagic form owing to bleeding taking See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place into the pocks after their formation . This is apt to be accompanied with haemorrhages from various mucous surfaces (particularly in the case of See also:

• FEMALES

females), occasionally to a dangerous degree 4nd with symptoms of great prostration . Many of such cases prove fatal . A still more serious form is that termed See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant, toxic or purpuric smallpox, in which there is intense streptococcus septicaemia, and the patient is from the onset overwhelmed with the See also:

• POISON

poison and quickly succumbs—the rash scarcely, if at all, appearing or showing the haemorrhagic or purpuric character . Such cases are, however, comparatively rare . The See also:

• TERM

term modified smallpox is applied to cases occurring in persons constitutionally but little susceptible to the disease, or in whom the protective See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of vaccination or a previous attack of smallpox still to some extent exists . Cases of this mild See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind are of very See also:

• COMMON

common occurrence where vaccination has been systematically carried out .

As compared with an average case of the unmodified disease as above described this form is very marked, the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences extending to all the phenomena of the disease . (1) As regards its onset, the initial fever is much milder and the pre-monitory symptoms altogether less in severity . (2) As regards the eruption, the number of pocks is smaller, often only a few and mostly upon the body . They not infrequently abort before reaching the stage of suppuration: but should they proceed to this stage the secondary fever is extremely slight or even absent . There is little or no pitting . (3) As regards complications and injurious results, these are rarely seen and the See also:

• RISK

risk to life is insignificant . Various circumstances affect the mortality in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary smallpox and increase the dangers attendant upon it . The character of the epidemic has an important influence . In some outbreaks the type of the disease is much more severe than in others, and the mortality consequently greater . In 1901 and 1903 there were epidemics in the See also:

• UNITED

United States in which it was only 2 % . The mortality in the See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia epidemic is given by Welch and Schamberg as 26.89 in 7204 cases, while in the lasgow epidemic of 1900-1901, it reached 51.6% in the unvacci ated and 10.4% in the vaccinated . Belov are some particulars of the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• RATE

rate .

Smallpox Death Rate, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . Years . Number of Deaths from Deaths from Smallpox Smallpox.* to every Million living . ----- 1902 2464 75 1903 23 1 5760 9 5 1016 14 1906 21 0.6 1907 to 0.3 1908 12 0.3 *Deaths entered as being from chicken-pox are not included, though many are probably due to the graver disease . Smallpox is most fatal at the extremes of life, except in the case of vaccinated infants, in whom there is See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from the disease . Again, any ordinary case with discrete eruption is serious, and a case of confluent or even semi-confluent character is much more See also:

• GRAVE

grave, while the haemorrhagic variety is frequently, and the toxic always, fatal . Numerous and often dangerous complications, although liable to arise in all cases, are more apt to occur in the severer forms, and in general at or after the supervention of the secondary fever . The most important are inflammatory affections of the See also:

• RESPIRATORY

respiratory See also:

• ORGANS

organs, such as See also:

• BRONCHITIS

bronchitis, See also:

• PLEURISY, or PLEURITIS (Gr. srXeiipc =ribs)

pleurisy or See also:

• PNEUMONIA (Gr. ?rveu AMP, lung)

pneumonia, diphtheritic conditions of the throat, and swelling of the mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea . Destructive ulceration affecting the eyes or ears is a well-known and formidable danger, while various affections of the skin, in the form of See also:

• ERYSIPELAS

erysipelas, See also:

• ABSCESS (from Lat. abscedere, to separate)

abscess or carbuncles, are of not infrequent occurrence . The prophylaxis of smallpox depends on successful vaccination and re-vaccination (see VACCINATION), together with the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of smallpox hospitals for the treatment of the disease when it has broken out, to which the patient should be at once removed, and those who have been in contact with the patient should be promptly re-vaccinated . The efficiency of the protection given by vaccination and systematic re-vaccination is demonstrated by the almost entire suppression of the disease in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany(see Dr See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low's See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report to the See also:

• LOCAL

Local Govern- proPhy" ment See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board, 1903-1904) . Mrs See also:

• GARRETT, JOAO BAPTISTA DA SILVA LEITAO DE ALMEIDA, VISCONDE DE

Garrett See also:

• ANDERSON
• ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
• ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
• ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
• ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
• ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
• ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
• ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
• ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)

Anderson,See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing treat tand reatment. to The Times in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1903, showed the enormous treatment. expense laid on the rates in England for the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of smallpox hospitals in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to counteract inefficient vaccination .

See also:

• LONDON

London with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 61 millions reserves 2500 beds in a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital removed from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city; See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin with a population of 2 millions reserves 12 beds in the See also:

• PAVILION

pavilion of a general hospital; See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden with a population of 500,000 reserves 20 beds in the Friedrichstadt Hospital, but no case was admitted for to years previous to the Report . In See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart (population 200,000) a hut of six beds is set aside for smallpox, but it has fallen into See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad repair from disuse . Smallpox cases in Germany are usually sporadic cases introduced by foreigners . Where persons have been exposed to the infection of smallpox, if immediate vaccination fails to protect them from the disease, it has been shown to considerably modify the type . The See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification and surveillance of all contact cases has given See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good results . In the See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol epidemic of 1908 there were 35 cases and 9 deaths . The contacts numbered 1354, and 16,398 visits of inspection were paid . The patient should See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie on a soft See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed in a well-ventilated but somewhat darkened See also:

• ROOM

room and be fed with the lighter forms of nutriment, such as See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, soups, &c . The skin should be sponged occasionally with tepid See also:

• WATER

water, and the mouth and throat washed with an antiseptic See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution . In a severe case, with See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of much prostration, stimulants may be advantageously employed . The patient should be always carefully watched, and special vigilance is called for where delirium exists . This symptom may somytimes be lessened by sedatives, such as See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium, bromides or chlordl .

With the view of preventing pitting many applications have been proposed, but probably the best are See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold or tepid compresses of See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• WEIGHT

weight kept constantly applied over the face and eyes . The water out of which these are wrung may be a weak solution of carbolic or boracic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid . When the pustules have dried up the itching this produces may be much relieved by the application of oil or See also:

• VASELINE

vaseline . What is known as the red light treatment, in which the actinic or chemical rays are excluded, has been advocated by Prof . Niels Finsen of See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen and others . He considers it valuable only in that it protects the pustule from the deleterious effects of light, and he and other observers claim that if resorted to early it abolishes suppuration in the pustules, lessens scarring and shortens the course of the disease . Medical See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion in England is divided as to its merit . See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• PECK

Peck of See also:

• CHESTERFIELD
• CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, 4TH EARL, OF (1694–1773)

Chesterfield, in 244 cases so treated in 1902-1905, had only 6 deaths, a mortality of 2.4%, while the case mortality during the same period was, See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire 5.8%, See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire 6 °/,, See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire 6-4%, See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool 2'7% and See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester 5.6% in cases treated without red light . An interesting fact in connection with the treatment is its great antiquity in See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, while in England in the middle ages smallpox patients wore red garments and See also:

• LAY

lay in beds where the light filtered through red curtains . Complications are to be dealt with as they arise, and the severer forms of the disease treated in reference to the special symptoms presented . In cases where the eruption is tardy of appearing and the attack threatens to assume the toxic form, marked benefit attends the use of the wet See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack . See also:

• DISINFECTANTS

Disinfectants should be abundantly employed in the room and its vicinity, and all clothing, &c., in contact with the patient should be exposed to the vapour of See also:

• FORMALIN, or FORMALDEHYDE, CH2O

formalin .

Beclere, See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson and Brownlee have advocated the use of the serum of immunized heifers . The dose, however, requires to be very large, being See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to one-fiftieth part of the body weight in adults and one-twentieth part in See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . Inoculation.--Previously to the introduction of vaccination (q.v.) the method of preventive treatment by what was known as inoculation had been employed . This consisted in introducing into the system—in a similar way to the method now commonly employed in vaccination—the smallpox virus from a mild case with the view of reproducing the disease also in a mild form in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person inoculated, and 249 thus affording him protection-from further attack . This plan had apparently been resorted to by Eastern nations from an early period in the history of the disease . During the latter part of the Ming See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty there was introduced into China a system of inoculation in which the method was to See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow the pulverized germ-laden crusts from a small-pox pustule through a See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube into the nostril, the See also:

• LEFT

left being chosen in a male, the right in a See also:

• FEMALE

female . Inoculation was known to be extensively practised in See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey in the beginning of the 28th century, when, chiefly through the letters of See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Wortley See also:

• MONTAGU (Family)
• MONTAGU (or MOUNTAGUE), RICHARD (1577-1641)
• MONTAGU, ELIZABETH ROBINSON (1720-1800)
• MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (1689–1762)
• MONTAGU, RALPH, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1638-1709)

Montagu, it became known and was speedily adopted in England . There is no doubt, both from the See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics of the Smallpox and Inoculation Hospital, London, and from the testimony of physicians throughout the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, that this practice made a marked impression upon the fatality of the disease, and was itself attended with extremely little risk to life . The objections to it, however, were great, for, although usually conveying the smallpox in a mild form, it not infrequently took effect severely, and, while death might be averted, the disfiguring results of the disease remained . Further, each inoculated person upon whom the operation took effect became for the time being a possible source of infection to others, and in point of fact the practice tended to spread the disease and so to increase the general mortality . Although inoculation continued to be practised for a number of years subsequently to See also:

• JENNER, EDWARD (1749-1823)
• JENNER, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Jenner's great See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, it gradually became displaced by vaccination, and in 184o an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament was passed rendering smallpox inoculation unlawful in England .