SMALL See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

INTESTINE  X20 From A . See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham; See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham's See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text-See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

Anatomy . and the duodenum . The submucous coat is very strong and consists of loose areolar See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue in which the vessels break up . The mucous coat is thick and vascular (see fig.2); it consists of an See also:

• EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL

epithelial layer most internally which forms the intestinal glands (see EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL AND GLANDULAR TISSUES) . See also:

• EXTERNAL

External to this is the See also:

• BASEMENT

basement membrane, outside which is a layer of retiform tissue, and this is separated from the submucous coat by a very thin layer of unstriped muscle called the muscularis mucosae . In the duodenum and jejunum the mucous membrane is thrown into a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of transverse pleats called valvulae conniventes (see fig . 3); these begin about an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch from the pylorus and gradually fade away as the ileum is reached . About 4 in. from the pylorus the See also:

• COMMON

common bile and pancreatic ducts See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a papilla, above which one of the valvulae conniventes makes a See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood and below which a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• FOLD

fold, the frenulum, runs downward . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the mucous membrane of the whole of the small See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine has a velvety See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, due to the presence of closely-set, See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute, See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-like elevations called villi (see fig . 2) . Throughout the whole length of the intestinal See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract are minute masses of lymphoid tissue called solitary glands (see fig .

2); these are especially numerous in the caecum and appendix, while in the ileum they are collected into large See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval patches, known as agminated glands or Peyer's patches, the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long axes of which, from See also:

• HALF

half an inch to 4 in. long, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in the long See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the bowel . They are always found in that See also:

• PART

part of the intestine which is furthest from the mesenteric See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment . In the interior of the rectum three shelf-like folds, one above the other, project into the cavity and correspond to the lateral concavities or kinks of the See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube . They are not in the same See also:

• LINE

line and the largest is usually on the right See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . They are known as the plicae recti or valves of See also:

• HOUSTON
• HOUSTON, SAM, or SAMUEL (1793-1863)

Houston . In the anal See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal are four or five See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal folds called the columns of See also:

• MORGAGNI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1682-1771)

Morgagni . (For further details, see See also:

• QUAIN, SIR RICHARD, BART

Quain's Anatomy, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896; See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray's Anatomy, London, 19o5; Cunningham's Anatomy, See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, r906.) See also:

• EMBRYOLOGY

Embryology.—The greater part of the alimentary canal is formed by the closing-in of the entoderm to make a longitudinal tube, ventral and parallel to the notochord . This tube is See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind in front and behind (cephalad and caudad), but the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle part of its ventral See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall is for some distance continuous with the wall of the yolk-See also:

• SAC

sac, and this part of the canal, which at first opens into the yolk-sac by a very wide See also:

• APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

aperture, is called the See also:

• MID

mid gut . The part in front of it, which lies dorsal to the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, is the fore gut, while the part behind the aperture of the yolk-sac is the See also:

• HIND

hind gut . The pharynx, See also:

• OESOPHAGUS (Gr. o'lvca=I will carry, and r/)ayeiv, to eat)

oesophagus, See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach and part of the duodenum are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed from the fore gut, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of the See also:

• COLON
• COLON (formerly known as ASPINWALL)

colon and the A B From A . Birmingham; Cunningham's Text-Book of Anatomy . A, As seen in abitof jejunum which has been filled with See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and hardened .

B, A portion of fresh intestine spread out under See also:

• WATER

water . rectum from the hind gut, while the mid gut is responsible for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . The cephalic part of the fore gut forms the pharynx (q.v.), and about the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week the stomach appears as a fusiform See also:

• DILATATION (from Lat. dis-, distributive, and lotus, wide)

dilatation in the straight tube . Between the two the oesophagus gradually forms as the embryo elongates . The opening into the yolk-sac, which at first is very wide, gradually narrows, as the ventral abdominal walls See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close in, until in the adult the only indication of the connexion between the gut and the yolk-sac is the very rare presence (about 2%) of Meckel's diverticulum already referred to . The stomach soon shows signs of the greater and lesser curvatures, the latter being ventral, but maintains its straight position . About the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth week the caecum appears as a lateral diverticulum, and, until the third See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, is of See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform calibre; after this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the terminal part ceases to grow at the same See also:

• RATE

rate as the proximal, and so the vermiform appendix is formed . The mid gut forms a See also:

• LOOP

loop with its convexity toward the diminishing vitelline duct, or remains of the yolk-sac, and until the third month it protrudes into the umbilical See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord . The greater curvature of the stomach grows more rapidly than the lesser, and the whole stomach turns over and becomes See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent at right angles, so that what was its See also:

• LEFT

left surface becomes ventral .