See also:

• SMERDIS (52I)
• SMERDIS (Pers. Bardiya; by Ctesias, Pers. 8, called Tanyoxarces; by Xenophon, Cyrop. viii. 7. 11, who takes the name from Ctesias, Tanaoxares; by Justin i. 9, Mergis; in Aeschylus, Pers. 774, Mardos)

SMERDIS (Pers. Bardiya; by See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias, Pers. 8, called Tanyoxarces; by See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, Cyrop. viii. 7. 11, who takes the name from Ctesias, Tanaoxares; by See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin i. 9, Mergis; in See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus, Pers. 774, Mardos)  , a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of infamous memory; the prevalent See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• SMERDIS (52I)
• SMERDIS (Pers. Bardiya; by Ctesias, Pers. 8, called Tanyoxarces; by Xenophon, Cyrop. viii. 7. 11, who takes the name from Ctesias, Tanaoxares; by Justin i. 9, Mergis; in Aeschylus, Pers. 774, Mardos)

Smerdis has assimilated the Persian name to the Greek (See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic) name Smerdis or Smerdies, which occurs in the poems of See also:

• ALCAEUS (Ar earos)

Alcaeus and See also:

• ANACREON

Anacreon . Smerdis was the younger son of See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus the See also:

• GREAT

Great who, according to See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias, on his deathbed appointed him See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the eastern provinces (cf . Xen . Cyrop. viii . 7, 11) . Before See also:

• CAMBYSES (528-521)
• CAMBYSES (Pers. Kambujiya)

Cambyses set out to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, he secretly caused him to be murdered (See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius in the See also:

• BEHISTUN

Behistun Inscr. i . 10), being afraid that he might See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion during his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . His See also:

• DEATH

death was not known to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and so in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 522 a usurper pretended to be Smerdis and proclaimed himself king on a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain near the Persian See also:

• TOWN

town Pishiyauvada . Owing to the despotic See also:

• RULE

rule of Cambyses and his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long absence in Egypt, " the whole people, Persians, Medes and all the other nations," acknowledged the usurper, especially as he granted a remission of taxes for three years (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. iii . 68) . Cambyses began to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march against him, but seeing that his cause was hopeless, killed himself in the spring of 521 (but see further CAMBYSES) . The real name of the usurper was, as Darius tells us, Gaumata, a Magian See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest from See also:

• MEDIA

Media; this name has been preserved by See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin i .

9 (from See also:

• CHARON

Charon of See also:

• LAMPSACUS

Lampsacus?), but given to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother (called by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus Patizeithes), who is said to have been the real See also:

• PROMOTER

promoter of the intrigue; the true name of the usurper is here given as Oropastes; by Ctesias as Sphendadates . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the false Smerdis is narrated by Herodotus and Ctesias according to See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official traditions; Cambyses before his death confessed to the See also:

• MURDER

murder of his brother, and in public explained the whole See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud . But, as Darius said, nobody had the courage to oppose the new king, who ruled for seven months over the whole See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Some contracts dating from his reign have been found in Babylonia, where his name is spelt Barziya (for the See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology cf . Ed . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Forschungen zur See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien Geschichte, ii . 472 ff.) . Darius says that he destroyed some temples, which Darius restored, and took away the herds and houses of the people (Behistun Inscr. i . 14) . We have no means of explaining this statement, nor can we fully understand all the incidents connected with his usurpation; but the attempts of See also:

• MODERN

modern authors to prove that Gaumata in reality was the genuine Smerdis and Darius a usurper have failed . It is certain that Smerdis transferred the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to Media; and here in a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Nisaya he was surprised and killed by Darius and his six associates in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 521 . His death was annually celebrated in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia by a feast called " the killing of the magian," at which no magian was allowed to show himself (Herod. iii .

79, Ctes . Pers . 15) . In the next See also:

• YEAR

year, another pseudo-Smerdis, named Vahyazdata, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose against Darius in eastern Persia and met with great success . But he was finally defeated, taken prisoner and executed (Behistun Inscr. iii . 40 ff.; perhaps he is identical with the King Maraphis " the Maraphian," name of a Persian tribe,who occurs as successor in the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Persian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings given by See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus, Pers . 778) . See DARIUS (I.) and PERSIA, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient History . (ED .