SNORRI STURLASON (1179-1241)  , the celebrated Icelandic historian, the youngest son of a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief in the VestfirOir (western fiords), was brought up by a powerful chief, Jon Loptsson, in Odda, who seems first to have awakened in him an See also:

• INTEREST

interest for See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• POETRY

poetry .. His career begins with his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, which made him a wealthy See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man; in 1206 he settled at Reykjaholt, where he constructed magnificent buildings and a See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath of hewn stones, preserved to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, to which See also:

• WATER

water was See also:

• CON

con-ducted from a neighbouring hot See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . He See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early made himself known as a poet, especially by glorifying the exploits of the contemporary Norse See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and earls; at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was a learned lawyer, and from 1215 became the logsogumabr, or See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the legislative See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly and supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland . The prominent features of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character seem to have been cunning, ambition and avarice, combined with want of courage and aversion from effort . By royal invitation he went in 1218 to See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, where he remained a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time with the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• HAAKON (Old Norse Hdkon)

Haakon and his See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor See also:

• EARL

Earl Skuli . When, owing to disputes between Icelandic and See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian merchants, Skuli thought of a military expedition to Iceland, Snorri promised to make the inhabitants submit to Haakon of their own See also:

• FREE

free will . Snorri himself became the lendrmabr, See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal or See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron, of the king of Norway, and held his lands as a See also:

• FIEF

fief under him . On his return See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home Snorri sent his son to the king as a See also:

• HOSTAGE (through Fr. ostage, modern otage, from Late Lat. obsidaticum, the state of being an obses or hostage; Med. Lat. ostaticum, ostagium)

hostage, and made See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace between Norway and Iceland, but his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence were used more for his own enrichment and aggrandizement—he was logsogumabr again from 1222 to 1232—than for the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the king . Haakon, therefore, stirred up strife between Snorri's kinsman Sturla and Snorri, who had to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly from Reykjaholt in 1236; and in 1237 he See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and went back to Norway . Here he joined the party of Skuli, who was meditating a revolt . Learning that his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Sturla in Iceland had fallen in See also:

• BATTLE

battle against Gissur, Snorri's son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Snorri, although expressly forbidden by his See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

liege See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord, returned to Iceland in 1239 and once more took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of his See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Meanwhile Haakon, who had vanquished See also:

• SKULL

Skull in 1240, sent orders to Gissur to punish Snorri for his disobedience either by capturing him and sending him back to Norway or by putting him to See also:

• DEATH

death .

Gissur took the latter course, attacked Snorri at his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, Reykjaholt, and slew him on the 22nd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1241 . Snorri is the author of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• EDDA

Edda (see EDDA), and of the Ileimskringla or Sagas of the Norwegian Kings, a connected See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of the kings of Norway down to Sverri in 1177 . The later See also:

• WORK

work opens with the Ynglinga See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

Saga, a brief history of the pre-tended See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration into See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden of the Aesir, of their successors in that country, the kings of See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala, and of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest Norwegian kings, plicatus, with broad leaves folded like a See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan and G . Elwesii, a their descendants . Next come the biographies of the succeeding ( native of the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant, with large See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, the three inner segments Norwegian kings, the most detailed being those of the two missionary I of which have a much larger and more conspicuous See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green blotch kings See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf Tryggvason and St Olaf . Snorri's See also:

• SOURCES

sources were partly succinct histories of the See also:

• REALM

realm, as the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of See also:

• ART

Art; ( than the commoner kinds . All the See also:

• SPECIES

species thrive in almost partly more voluminous early collections of traditions, as the Noregs Konungatal (Fagrskinna) and the Jarlasaga; partly legendary biographies of the two Olafs; and, in addition to these, studies and collections which he himself made during his journeys in Norway . His See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical principles are explained in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface, where he dwells on the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of starting as much as possible from trustworthy contemporary sources, or at least from those nearest to antiquity—the touchstone by which verbal traditions can be tested being con-temporary poems . He inclines to See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism, rejecting the marvellous and recasting legends containing it in a more See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical spirit; but he makes an exception in the accounts of the introduction of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity into .Norway and of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint St Olaf . Snorri strives everywhere to impart See also:

• LIFE

life and vigour to his narrative, and he gives the dialogues in the individual character of each See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . Especially in this last he shows a tendency to See also:

• EPIGRAM

epigram and often uses humorous and pathetic expressions . Besides his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal work, he elaborated in a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form its better and larger See also:

• PART

part, the History of St Olaf (the great Olaf's Saga) .

In the preface to this he gives a brief See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract of the earlier history, and, as an appendix, a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of St Olaf's miracles after his death; here, too, he employs critical art, as appears from a comparison with his source, the Latin See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend . See further ICELAND, Literature, and EDDA .