SOIL  ,' the See also:

• TERM

term generally applied to that See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's ' This word comes through O . Fr. soil from a See also:

• LATE

Late Latin usage of solea for soil or ground, which in classic See also:

• LAT

Lat. meant the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole of the See also:

• FOOT

foot, also a See also:

• SANDAL (from the Latinized form of Gr. vavb4Atov or vav&aAov: this probably represents the Persian sandal, slipper; it is not to be referred to Gr. stasis, board)

sandal . This was duetoa confusion with solum, ground; whence Fr. sol . Both solea and solum are, of course, from the same See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root . To be distinguished from this word is " soil, to make dirty, to stain, See also:

• DEFILE

defile . The origin is the O . Fr. soil or souil, the miry wallowing ground of a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar, whence the See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting phrase " to take soil," of a beast of the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase taking to See also:

• WATER

water or marshy ground . The derivation is therefore from Lat. soillus, pertaining tq See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum contains the remains of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander; there are monuments to the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar Alexander II., to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, to the medical See also:

• OFFICERS

officers who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1877 and to the patriot Levsky . A public See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park has been laid out in the eastern suburbs . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is well drained and possesses a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply; it is lighted by See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity and has an electric See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car See also:

• SYSTEM

system . It contains breweries, tanneries, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, and See also:

• SILK

silk factories, and exports skins, cloth, cocoons, cereals, See also:

• ATTAR [or OTTO] OF ROSES (Pers. 'atar, essence)

attar of See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses, dried See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, &c . See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia forms the centre of a railway system radiating to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople (300 m.), See also:

• BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade (206 m.) and central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, See also:

• VARNA

Varna, See also:

• RUSTCHUK (Bulg. Russe); the capital of the department of Rustchuk, Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, where it receives the E. Lem. Pop. (r906) 33

Rustchuk and the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, and See also:

• KIUSTENDIL

Kiustendil near the Macedonian frontier .

The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is heaithy; owing to the elevated situation it is somewhat See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, and is liable to sudden diurnal and seasonal changes; the temperature in See also:

• JANUARY

January sometimes falls to 40 F. below zero and in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August rises to 100° . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, of which more than two-thirds are Bulgarians, and about one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, was 20,501 in 1881, 30,428 in 1888, 46,593 in 1893 and 82,187 in 1907 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Serdica, founded here by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan, became a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman provincial See also:

• TOWN

town of considerable importance in the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D., and was a favourite See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the See also:

• GREAT

Great . Serdica was burnt by the See also:

• HUNS

Huns in A.D . 449; few traces remain of the Roman city, but more than one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred types of its coins attest its importance . The town was taken by the Bulgarians under Krum in A.D . 809; the name Serdica was converted into Sredetz by the Slays, who associated it with sreda (See also:

• MIDDLE

middle), and the See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form subsequently became the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine Triaditza . The name Sofia, which came into use towards the end of the ,4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century is derived from the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia, the massive ruins of which stand on an See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the town . The church, which was converted into a See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque by the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, was partly destroyed by earthquakes in ,818 and 1858 . The town successfully resisted the attacks of the emperor See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil II. in 987; between 1018 and 1186, under Byzantine See also:

• RULE

rule, it served as a frontier fortress . During this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period a number of prisoners of the Petcheneg tribe were settled in the neighbourhood, in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability the ancestors of the See also:

• SHOP

Shop tribe which now inhabits the surrounding districts . In 1382 Sofia was captured by the Turks; in 1443 it was for a brief See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time occupied by the Hungarians under See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Hunyady .

Under See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish rule the city was for nearly four centuries the residence of the beylerbey or See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the whole See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula except Bosnia and the Morea . During this period the population increased and became mainly Turkish; in 1553 the towr, possessed eleven large and one hundred small mosques . In the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 15th century Sofia, owing to its situation at the junction of several See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade routes, became an important centre of Ragusan See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . During the Turco-See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1829 it was the headquarters of Mustafa See also:

• PASHA

Pasha of Skodra, and was occupied by the Russians for a few days . On the 4th of January 1878 a Russian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army again entered Sofia after the passage of the'Balkans by See also:

• GOURKO, JOSEPH VLADIMIROVICH, COUNT (1828–1901)

Gourko; the bulk of the Turkish population had previously taken See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . Though less central than See also:

• PHILIPPOPOLIS (Bulgarian, Plovdiv; Turkish, Felibe)

Philippopolis and less renowned in Bulgarian history than . See also:

• TRNOVO, or TIRNOVO

Trnovo, Sofia as selected as the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the newly-created Bulgarian See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in view of its strategical position, which commands the routes to Constantinople, Belgrade, See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia and the Danube . (J . D .