SOISSONS  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• AISNE

Aisne, 65 m . N.E. of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris by the railway to See also:

• LAON

Laon . Pop . (1906), 11,586 . Soissons, pleasantly situated amongst ' wooded hills, stands on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Aisne, the suburbs of St Vaast and St Medard lying on the right bank . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame was begun in the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and finished about the end of the 13th . It is 328 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 87 wide, and the vaulting of the See also:

• NAVE

nave is too ft. above the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement . The single See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower See also:

• DATES

dates from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 13th century and is an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of those of Notre-Dame of Paris, which it equals in height (216 ft.) . The See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and most graceful portion of the whole edifice, terminates in an See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse . The See also:

• FACADE

facade of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north transept dates from the end of the 13th century . The apse and See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir retain some See also:

• FINE

fine 13th-century See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . Considerable remains exist of the magnificent See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of St See also:

• JEAN

Jean-See also:

• DES

des-Vignes, where See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BECKET, THOMAS (c. 1118—1170)

Becket resided for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time .

These include the ruins of two cloisters (the larger dating from the 13th century), the See also:

• REFECTORY (med. Lat. refectorium, from reficere, to refresh)

refectory, and above all the imposing facade of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church (restored) . Above the three portals (13th century) runs a See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, over which again is a large window; the two unequal towers (230 and 246 ft.) of the 15th and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 16th centuries are surmounted by beautiful See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires, which command the See also:

• TOWN

town . The church of St Leger, which belongs to the 13th century, was formerly attached to an abbey of the Genovefains . Beneath are two Romanesque crypts . The royal abbey of Notre-Dame, now a barrack, was founded in 66o for monks and nuns by Leutrade, wife of Ebrofn, the celebrated See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . The number of the nuns (216 in 858), the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the library in See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, the valuable See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics, the high See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of the abbesses, the popularity of the pilgrimages, all contributed to the importance of this abbey, of which there exist only inconsiderable remains . The wealthiest of all the abbeys in Soissons, and one of the most important of all France during the first two dynasties, was that of St Medard; on the right bank of the Aisne, founded about 56o by See also:

• CLOTAIRE (CHLOTIIACHAR)

Clotaire I., beside the See also:

• VILLA

villa of See also:

• SYAGRIUS (d. 487)

Syagrius, which had become the palace of the Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . St Medard, apostle of See also:

• VERMANDOIS

Vermandois, and kings Clotaire and See also:

• SIGEBERT (d. 575)

Sigebert, were buried in the monastery, which be-came the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of 400 monks and the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of several See also:

• COUNCILS

councils . It was there that Childeric III., the last Merovingian, was deposed and See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin the Short was crowned by the papal See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate, and there See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the Pious was kept in captivity in 833 . The abbots of St Medard coined See also:

• MONEY

money, and in See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard's time (12th century) were lords of 220 villages, farms and manors . At the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• BOUVINES

Bouvines (1214) the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot commanded 150 vassals . In 1530 St Medard was visited by a procession of 300,000 pilgrims .

But the religious See also:

• WARS

wars ruined the abbey, and, although it was restored by the See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines in 1637, it never recovered its former splendour . Of the churches and the conventual buildings of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation there hardly remains a trace . The site is occupied by. a See also:

• DEAF

deaf and dumb institution, the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of which stands over the See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt of the See also:

• GREAT

great abbey church, which dates from about 84o . In the crypt is a stone See also:

• COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin, said to have been that of See also:

• CHILDEBERT

Childebert II., and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand is an underground chamber, reputed to have been the place of captivity of Louis the Pious . The See also:

• CIVIL

civil buildings of the town are not of much See also:

• INTEREST

interest . The hotel-de-ville contains a library and a museum with collections of paintings and antiquities . The foundation of the h8teldieu dates back to the 13th century . The town has a large botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . Soissons is the seat of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop and a sub-See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce,a communal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college and higher ecclesiastical See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary . Among the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments are See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper foundries, and factories for the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of boilers, agricultural implements and other iron goods, See also:

• STRAW

straw hats, glass and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar . See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

Grain; haricot beans of exceptional quality, and See also:

• TIMBER

timber, are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal articles of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Soissons is generally identified with the oppidum of Gallia Belgica, called Noviodunum by See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar .

Noviodunum was the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Suessiones, who occupied twelve towns, and whose See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Divitiacus, one of the most powerful in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, had extended his authority even beyond the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea among the Britons . In 58 B.C . See also:

• GALBA, SERVIUS SULPICIUS

Galba, king of the Suessiones, separated from the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of the Belgians and submitted to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . At the beginning of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire Noviodunum took the name of See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Suessionum, and afterwards that of Suessiona, and became the second capital of Gallia Belgica, of which See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims was the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis . The' town was before long surrounded with a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall and de-fended by a citadel, and it became the starting-point of several military roads (to Reims, See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau-See also:

• THIERRY

Thierry, See also:

• MEAUX

Meaux, Paris, See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens and St Quentin) . See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity was introduced by St See also:

• CRISPIN

Crispin and St Crispinian, men of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble birth, who, however, earned their livelihood by shoemaking, and thus became patrons of that See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . After their martyrdom in 297 their See also:

• WORK

work was continued by St Sinitius, the first bishop of Soissons . After the barbarians had crossed the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine and the See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse Soissons became the metropolis of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman possessions in the north of Gaul, and on the defeat of Syagrius by See also:

• CLOVIS [Chlodovech] (c. 466-511)

Clovis the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks seized the town . It was at Soissons that Clovis married Clotilde, and, though he afterwards settled at Paris, Soissons was the capital of his son Clotaire, and afterwards of See also:

• CHILPERIC

Chilperic I., king of See also:

• NEUSTRIA

Neustria . It was not till the time of Chilperic's son, Clotaire II., that the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Soissons was incorporated with that of Paris . Pippin the Short was at Soissons proclaimed king by an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of leudes and bishops, and he was there crowned by the papal legate, St See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface, before being crowned at See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope himself . Louis the Pious did See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance there after being deposed by the assembly at See also:

• COMPIEGNE

Compiegne .

Under See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

Fat (886) the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans failed in an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt against the town, but laid See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste St Medard and the neighbourhood . In 923 Charles the See also:

• SIMPLE

Simple was defeated outside the walls by the supporters of See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, and See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh the Great besieged and partly burned the town in 948 . Under the first Capets Soissons was held by hereditary See also:

• COUNTS

counts (see below), frequently at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the king or the citizens . The communal See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of the town dates from 1131 . At a See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod held at Soissons in 1121 the teachings of Abelard were condemned, and he was forced to retract them . In 1155, at an assembly of prelates and barons held at Soissons, Louis VII. issued a famous See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree forbidding all private wars for a space of ten years; and in 1325 Charles the See also:

• FAIR

Fair replaced the mayor of Soissons by a royal See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost dependent on the bailiwick of Vermandois, the inhabitants retaining only the right of electing four echevins . The town had to suffer severely during the war of the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Years; in 1414, when it was held by the Burgundians, it was captured and sacked by the Armagnacs under the dauphin; and this same See also:

• FATE

fate again befell it several times within twenty years . The Treaty of See also:

• ARRAS

Arras (1435) brought it again under the royal authority . It was sacked by Charles V. in 1544 and in 1565 by the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots, who laid the churches in ruins, and, supported by the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Soissons, kept See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the town for six months . During the See also:

• LEAGUE

League Soissons eagerly joined the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic party . Charles, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MAYENNE
• MAYENNE, CHARLES OF LORRAINE

Mayenne, made the town his principal residence, and died there in 1611 . A See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress was held there in 1728 .

In 1814 Soissons was captured and recaptured by the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . In 1815, after See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo, it was a rallying point for the vanquished, and it was not occupied by the Russians till the r4th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . In 187o it capitulated to the Germans after a See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of three days .