SOKOTO  , an important See also:

• FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)

Fula See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west central See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan, now a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate of See also:

• NIGERIA

Nigeria . The See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of Sokoto throughout the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century exercised an over-lordship over the See also:

• HAUSA

Hausa states extending See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east from the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger to See also:

• BORNU

Bornu and southward to the See also:

• BENUE

Benue and See also:

• ADAMAWA

Adamawa . These states and Sokoto itself, known variously as the Sokoto or Fula See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and Hausaland,, came (c . 1900–1903) under See also:

• DIRECT

direct British See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, but the native governments are maintained . The province of Sokoto occupies the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west corner of the British protectorate, and is bounded west and north by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French territory . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South and east it adjoins other parts of the British protectorate . Bordering north on the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara, it contains much arid See also:

• LAND

land, but south-west the land is very fertile . See also:

• RUNNING

Running through it in a south-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly direction is the Gublin Kebbi or Sokoto See also:

• RIVER

river, which joins the Niger in 112° N . 4° E . On a tributary of this river is the See also:

• TOWN

town of Sokoto . The Sokoto or Fula empire was founded at the beginning of the loth century . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country over which the Fula ruled has, however, a See also:

• HISTORY

history going back to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages .

Between the Niger and the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Bornu (q.v.) the country was inhabited by various See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black tribes, of whom the Hausa occupied the plains: Under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• BERBER

Berber and Arab tribes, who embraced Mahommedanism, the Hausa advanced in See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, founded large cities, and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, not onl)) with the neighbouring countries, but, via the Sahara, with the See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary states . The various kingdoms which See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round each large town had their own rulers, but in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 16th century they all appear to have owned the sway of the See also:

• SONGHOI, SONRHAY, SURHAI

Songhoi See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings (see See also:

• TIMBUKTU (French spelling Tombouctou)

TIMBUKTU) . On the break-up of the Songhoi empire the north-eastern See also:

• PART

part of Hausaland became more or less subject to Bornu, whose sultans in the 17th century claimed to See also:

• RULE

rule over See also:

• KATSENA

Katsena and See also:

• KANO

Kano . In this century arose a See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty of the Habe, a name now believed to be identical with Hausa, who obtained See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power over a large See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern portion of the See also:

• PRESENT

present British protectorate . The Hausa, whose See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to Mahommedanism began in the 12th century, were still in the 18th century partly pagans, though their rulers were followers of the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet . These rulers built up an elaborate See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government which See also:

• LEFT

left a considerable See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the management of affairs to the See also:

• BODY

body of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Dwelling among the Hausa were a number of Fula, mostly herdsmen, and these were devout Mahommedans . One of the more 'cultivated teachers of this ra.:a, named See also:

• OTHMAN (c. 574-656)

Othman See also:

• DAN

Dan Fodio, had been See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Gobir (a See also:

• DISTRICT

district north of Establish-Sokoto) . He incurred the wrath of that king, who, See also:

• MEAT

meat of angered at some See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance, ordered the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre Fula Rule. of every Fula in his dominions . The Fula flocked to Fodio's aid, and in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Koto' or Rugga Fakko (18(4) the king of Gobir was utterly defeated . Thereupon Fodio unfurled the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green banner of See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet and preached a See also:

• JIHAD (also written JEHAD, JAHAD, DJEHAD)

jihad or religious See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . In a few years the Fula had subdued most of the Hausa states, some, like Kano, yielding easily in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to preserve their trade, others, like Katsena, offering a stubborn resistance .

Gobir and Kebbi remained unconquered, as did the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill tribes . The Fula were also defeated in their attack on Bornu . In most places they continued the system of government which had grown up under the Habe, the chiefs or emirs of the. various II See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• VERMANDOIS

Vermandois . Renaud, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• SOISSONS

Soissons, gave his See also:

• PROPERTY

property in 1141 to his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Yves de See also:

• NEALE, EDWARD VANSITTART (1810-1892)
• NEALE, JOHN MASON (1818–1866)

Neale . By successive marriages the countship of Soissons passed to the houses of See also:

• HAINAUT (Flem. Henegouwen, Ger. Hennegau)

Hainaut, ClAtillon-See also:

• BLOIS

Blois, See also:

• COUCY, LE CHATELAIN DE

Coucy, See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar and See also:

• LUXEMBURG
• LUXEMBURG, FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE

Luxemburg . See also:

• MARIE

Marie de Luxemburg brought it, together with the counties of Made and St Poi, to See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, count of See also:

• VENDOME
• VENDOME, LOUIS JOSEPH

Vendome, whom she married in 1487 . His descendants, the princes of See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde, held Soissons and gave it to their cadets . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of Bourbon, count of Soissons (1566–1612), son of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Conde, whose See also:

• POLITICAL

political vacillations were due to his intrigues with See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV.'s See also:

• SISTER

sister See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine, became See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine and See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy . His son, Louis of Bourbon (1604–1641), took part in the plots against Marie de See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici and See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu, and attempted to assassinate Richelieu . He had only one See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, a natural son, known as the See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier de Soissons . The countship passed to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy-Carignan by the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in 1625 of Marie de Bourbon-Soissons with See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Francis of Savoy . See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice of Savoy, count of Soissons (1635-1673), married the beautiful and witty See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia See also:

• MANCINI, PASQUALE STANISLAO (1817-1888)

Mancini, a niece of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin, and obtained high military posts through his wife's influence .

He defeated the Spaniards at the battle of the See also:

• DUNES

Dunes in 1658; took part in the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns at See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders (1667), Franche-See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte (1668) and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland (1672); and was present as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador extraordinary of France at the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of Charles II. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . His wife led a scandalous See also:

• LIFE

life, and was accused of poisoning her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband and others . She was the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of Louis Thomas Amadeus, count of Soissons, and of the famous Prince Eugene of Savoy . In 1734 the male See also:

• LINE

line of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Savoy-Soissons became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, and the heiress, the princess of See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• HILDBURGHAUSEN

Hildburghausen, ceded the countship of Soissons to the house of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, in whose See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession it remained until states being, however, tributary to Dan Fodio . This sheik established himself at Sokoto, and with other titles assumed that of Sarikin Muslimin (king of the Mahommedans) . As such he became the recognized spiritual See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of all the Mahomllledans of west central Sudan, a headship which his successors retained unimpaired, even after the loss of their temporal position to the British in 1903 . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Fodio (c . 18t9) the empire was divided between a son and a See also:

• BROTHER

brother, the son, famous under the name of Sultan See also:

• BELLO, ANDRES (1781–1865)

Bello, ruling at Sokoto, the brother at See also:

• GANDO

Gando . All the other Fula emirs were dependent on these two sultanates . The Fula power proved, before many years had gone by, in many respects harmful to the country . This was especially the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in those districts where there was a large pagan See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . Slave-raiding was practised on a See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale which devastated and almost depopulated vast regions and greatly hampered the commercial activity of the large cities, of which See also:

• ZARIA

Zaria and Kano were the most important .

The purity of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was abandoned . The courts of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice became corrupt, administrative power was abused and degenerated into a despotism controlled only by See also:

• PERSONAL

personal considerations, oppressive taxes destroyed See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and gradually desolated the country . Soon after the Fula had established themselves Europeans began to visit the country . See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• CLAPPERTON, HUGH (1788-1827)

Clapperton, an Englishman, was at Sokoto in 1823 and again in 1827, dying there on the 13th of See also:

• APRIL

April of that See also:

• YEAR

year . Heinrich See also:

• BARTH
• BARTH, HEINRICH (1821–1865)
• BARTH, KASPAR VON (1587-1658)

Barth made a prolonged stay in various Hausa cities at See also:

• DATES

dates between 1851 and 1855 . To Barth is due a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEAL

deal of our knowledge of the country . In Barth's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• AMERICAN

American merchants were established on the Niger, bartering goods in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for slaves . This See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic was carried on through See also:

• NUPE

Nupe " to the great damage," says Barth, " of the See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and the most unqualified See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal of the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, who think that the See also:

• ENGLISH

English, if they would, could easily prevent it." The over-seas traffic in slaves did not continue See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the date (1851) to which Barth referred, but slave-raiding by the Fula went on unchecked up to the moment of the British occupation of the country . At Sokoto the sultanship continued in the hands of Fodio's descendants, and the reigning sultan concluded in 1885 a treaty with the Royal Niger See also:

• COMPANY

Company (then called the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• AFRICAN

African Company) which gave to the company certain rights of See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty throughout his dominions . In 1900 the rights of the company were transferred to the See also:

• CROWN

Crown . In the course of the years 1900, 1901, 1902, British submission authority was established in the states bordering to Beulah on the Niger and the Benue and in Bornu . The Ruk. northern states declined to fulfil the conditions of the See also:

• TREATIES

treaties negotiated with the Niger Company or to submit to the abolition of the slave trade, and in 1902 Sokoto and Kano openly defied the British power .

A See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign was undertaken against them in the opening months of 1903 in which the British troops were entirely successful . Kano was taken in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1903, and Sokoto after some resistance made formal submission on the 22nd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March following . From that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day British authority was substituted for Fula authority through-out the protectorate . The emir of Sokoto took an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the British Crown and Sokoto became a British province, to which at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period Gando was added as a subprovince—thus making of Sokoto one of the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double provinces of the protectorate . The double province thus constituted has an area of about 35,000 sq. m., with an estimated population of something over 500,000 . It includes the ancient kingdoms of Zamfara on the east and Argunga or Kebbi on the west . The dominions of the emir of Sokoto have suffered some diminutions by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of British agreements with France See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• COMMON

common frontier of the two See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in the western Sudan . The emir See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt deeply the loss of territory ceded to France in 1904 but accepted the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement with much See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty . Like the emir of Kano the new emir of Sokoto worked most loyally with the British administration . The province has been organized on the same principle as the other provinces of Northern Nigeria . A British See also:

• RESIDENT

resident of the first class has been placed at Sokoto andassistant residents at other centres . British courts of justice have been established and British See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors are quartered in the province .

Detachments of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police are also placed at the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal stations . The country has been assessed under the new system for taxes and is being opened as rapidly as possible for trade . After the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of British rule farmers and herdsmen reoccupied districts and the inhabitants of cities flocked back to the land, rebuilding villages which had been deserted for fifty years . See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse breeding and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle raising See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief source of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth in the province . There is some See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich farming . Except in the sandy areas there is extensive See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, including See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton . See also:

• SPECIAL

Special crops are grown in the valleys by See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation . See also:

• WEAVING

Weaving, See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and tanning are the principal native See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . See also:

• FAIR

Fair roads are in See also:

• PROCESS

process of construction through the province . Trade is increasing and a See also:

• CASH

cash currency has been introduced . The emir of Gando, treated on the same terms as the emirs of Kano and Sokoto, proved less loyal to his oath of allegiance and had to be deposed . Another emir was installed in his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and in the whole double province of Sokoto-Gando prosperity has been See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general .

In 1906 a rising attributed to religious fanaticism occurred near Sokoto in which unfortunately three See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• OFFICERS

officers lost their lives . The emir heartily repudiated the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the rising, who claimed to be a See also:

• MANDI

Mandi inspired to drive the white See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man out of the country . A British force marched against the rebels, who were overthrown with great loss in March too6 . The leader was condemned to death in the emir's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and executed in the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market place of Sokoto, and the incident was chiefly interesting for the display of loyalty to the British administration which it evoked on all sides from the native rulers . (See also NIGERIA FULA; and HAUSA.) See the Travels of Dr Barth (See also:

• LONDON

London 1857) ; See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858- )

Lugard, A Tropical Dependency (London, 1905) ; P . L . See also:

• MONTEIL, AMANS ALEXIS (1769–1850)

Monteil, De See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Louis a See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par le See also:

• LAC

lac Tchad (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1895) ; C . H . See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson, Hausaland (London, 1896) ; The See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual Reports on Northern Nigeria, issued since 1 by the Colonial See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office, London; See also:

• SIR

Sir F . D . Lugard, " Northern Nigeria," in Geo . Journ. vol. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii., and See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major J .

A . Burdon, " The Fulani Emirates," ibid. vol See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . (beth London, 1904) . Except the last-named See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper most of these authorities deal with many other subjects besides the Fula . (F . L .